{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T03:07:21Z","timestamp":1776136041568,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Substance use disorders (SUDs) pose a significant public health challenge, with current treatments often exhibiting limited effectiveness and high relapse rates. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive neuromodulation technique that delivers low-intensity direct current via scalp electrodes, has shown promise in various psychiatric and neurological conditions. In SUDs, tDCS may help to modulate key neurocircuits involved in craving, executive control, and reward processing, potentially mitigating compulsive drug use. However, the precise neurobiological mechanisms by which tDCS exerts its therapeutic effects in SUDs remain only partly understood. This review addresses that gap by synthesizing evidence from clinical studies that used neuroimaging (fMRI, fNIRS, EEG) and blood-based biomarkers to elucidate tDCS\u2019s mechanisms in treating SUDs. Methods: A targeted literature search identified articles published between 2008 and 2024 investigating tDCS interventions in alcohol, nicotine, opioid, and stimulant use disorders, focusing specifically on physiological and neurobiological assessments rather than purely behavioral outcomes. Studies were included if they employed either neuroimaging (fMRI, fNIRS, EEG) or blood tests (neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory markers) to investigate changes induced by single- or multi-session tDCS. Two reviewers screened titles\/abstracts, conducted full-text assessments, and extracted key data on participant characteristics, tDCS protocols, neurobiological measures, and clinical outcomes. Results: Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Across fMRI studies, tDCS\u2014especially targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex\u2014consistently modulated large-scale network activity and connectivity in the default mode, salience, and executive control networks. Many of these changes correlated with subjective craving, attentional bias, or extended time to relapse. EEG-based investigations found that tDCS can alter event-related potentials (e.g., P3, N2, LPP) linked to inhibitory control and salience processing, often preceding or accompanying changes in craving. One fNIRS study revealed enhanced connectivity in prefrontal regions under active tDCS. At the same time, two blood-based investigations reported the partial normalization of neurotrophic (BDNF) and proinflammatory markers (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6) in participants receiving tDCS. Multi-session protocols were more apt to drive clinically meaningful neuroplastic changes than single-session interventions. Conclusions: Although significant questions remain regarding optimal stimulation parameters, sample heterogeneity, and the translation of acute neural shifts into lasting behavioral benefits, this research confirms that tDCS can induce detectable neurobiological effects in SUD populations. By reshaping activity across prefrontal and reward-related circuits, modulating electrophysiological indices, and altering relevant biomarkers, tDCS holds promise as a viable, mechanism-based adjunctive therapy for SUDs. Rigorous, large-scale studies with longer follow-up durations and attention to individual differences will be essential to establish how best to harness these neuromodulatory effects for durable clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14144899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T11:26:37Z","timestamp":1752233197000},"page":"4899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neurobiological Mechanisms of Action of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5320-3658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Chmiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, Al. Piast\u00f3w 40B blok 6, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6996-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donata","family":"Kurpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Methodology, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 51-618 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9539","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.9539","article-title":"Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders Diagnostic Criteria Changes and Innovations in ICD-11: An Overview","volume":"4","author":"Matone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Eur."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12060782","article-title":"DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale","volume":"170","author":"Hasin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000271","article-title":"Substance Use Disorders in Global Mental Health Delivery: Epidemiology, Treatment Gap, and Implementation of Evidence-Based Treatments","volume":"28","author":"Connery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.06.024","article-title":"New methods shed light on age of onset as a risk factor for nicotine dependence","volume":"50","author":"Lanza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106128","article-title":"WHO World Mental Health Survey Collaborators. The epidemiology of alcohol use disorders cross-nationally: Findings from the World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"102","author":"Glantz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2025, May 25). 3, Introduction To Drug Misuse, Drug Misuse: Psychosocial Interventions, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK53217\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.012","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in substance use disorders","volume":"66","author":"McHugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohi, I., Franklin, A., Chrystoja, B., Wettlaufer, A., Rehm, J., and Shield, K. (2021). The Global Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Premature Mortality and Health in 2016. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093145"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2013.01.009","article-title":"Tobacco smoking: The leading cause of preventable disease worldwide","volume":"23","author":"Samet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorac. Surg. Clin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab265","article-title":"Health Effects of Tobacco at the Global, Regional, and National Levels: Results From the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.008","article-title":"Substance abuse among older adults","volume":"30","author":"Kuerbis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2013.09.038","article-title":"Family and social aspects of substance use disorders and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Daley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolte-Troha, C., Roser, P., Henkel, D., Scherbaum, N., Koller, G., and Franke, A.G. (2023). Unemployment and Substance Use: An Updated Review of Studies from North America and Europe. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11081182"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01695.x","article-title":"Substance use and academic outcomes: Synthesizing findings and future directions","volume":"101","author":"King","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1441.030","article-title":"Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction","volume":"1141","author":"Sinha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.141","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid substance use in major depressive disorder in community and clinical settings, 1990\u20132019: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"266","author":"Hunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.09.005","article-title":"Anxiety disorders and substance use disorders: Different associations by anxiety disorder","volume":"26","author":"Marmorstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.07.011","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid bipolar and substance use disorders in clinical settings, 1990\u20132015: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"206","author":"Hunt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-024-01547-8","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorder Screening, Assessment, and Treatment","volume":"26","author":"Patton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2025, May 25). Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders Research Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK571451\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000340","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"114","author":"Roerecke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2022.04.021","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"135","author":"Krittanawong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren, G.W., and Cummings, K.M. (2013). Tobacco and lung cancer: Risks, trends, and outcomes in patients with cancer. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book, 359\u2013364.","DOI":"10.14694\/EdBook_AM.2013.33.359"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15309","article-title":"Tobacco use disorder and the lungs","volume":"116","author":"McRobbie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32832bbc6f","article-title":"HIV among injecting drug users: Current epidemiology, biologic markers, respondent-driven sampling, and supervised-injection facilities","volume":"4","author":"Arasteh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i20.3569","article-title":"Hepatitis C in injection drug users: It is time to treat","volume":"23","author":"Grassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132018","volume":"356","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Cent. Health Stat."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2016.1240838","article-title":"Association of Traffic Injuries, Substance Use Disorders, and ED Visit Outcomes among Individuals Aged 50+ Years","volume":"48","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxaa006","article-title":"Drug Use Disorders and Violence: Associations With Individual Drug Categories","volume":"42","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.09.015","article-title":"Does parental substance use always engender risk for children? Comparing incidence rate ratios of abusive and neglectful behaviors across substance use behavior patterns","volume":"76","author":"Kepple","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child. Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30227-2","article-title":"Substance abuse and criminal behavior","volume":"15","author":"Bradford","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), and Office of the Surgeon General (US) (2025, May 25). Chapter 7, Vision For The Future: A Public Health Approach, Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General\u2019s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK424861\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1853776","article-title":"Financial Capability in Addiction Research and Clinical Practice","volume":"56","author":"Nance","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2022.2136491","article-title":"Homelessness and Gender: Differences in Characteristics and Comorbidity of Substance Use Disorders at Admission to Services","volume":"58","author":"Arnos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Semaan, A., and Khan, M.K. (2025, May 25). Neurobiology of Addiction, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK597351\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13989","article-title":"The neurobiology of addiction","volume":"1451","author":"Uhl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000416","article-title":"Neurobiology of Addiction","volume":"62","author":"Horseman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2013.774673","article-title":"Integrated treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders","volume":"28","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Work. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-018-0685-1","article-title":"Pharmacologic Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Review of Pharmacotherapy, Adjuncts, and Toxicity","volume":"14","author":"Toce","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.0395","article-title":"Treatment of Tobacco Smoking: A Review","volume":"327","author":"Rigotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04054.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of naltrexone and acamprosate for treating alcohol use disorders: When are these medications most helpful?","volume":"108","author":"Maisel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-023-00377-3","article-title":"The outcome of integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive-behavioral therapy in Egyptian patients with substance use disorder","volume":"30","author":"Mohsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Middle East. Curr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2010.04.012","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders","volume":"33","author":"McHugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.5.955","article-title":"The use of contingency management and motivational\/skills-building therapy to treat young adults with marijuana dependence","volume":"74","author":"Carroll","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.08.001","article-title":"The use of tDCS and CVS as methods of non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"56","author":"Been","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-404706-8.00005-X","article-title":"Neurophysiology of cortical stimulation","volume":"107","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0054-4","article-title":"Studying and modifying brain function with non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Nitsche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01312.2006","article-title":"Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"97","author":"Nitsche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","author":"Nitsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans","volume":"553","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03398.x","article-title":"GABAergic modulation of DC stimulation-induced motor cortex excitability shifts in humans","volume":"19","author":"Nitsche","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.092429","article-title":"Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"568","author":"Nitsche","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4432-08.2009","article-title":"Polarity-sensitive modulation of cortical neurotransmitters by transcranial stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Stagg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-018-0181-4","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) mechanisms and its effects on cortical excitability and connectivity","volume":"41","author":"Reed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01839-3","article-title":"Anodal tDCS affects neuromodulatory effects of the norepinephrine system on superior frontal theta activity during response inhibition","volume":"224","author":"Teufert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy093","article-title":"Frontal transcranial direct current stimulation induces dopamine release in the ventral striatum in human","volume":"28","author":"Fonteneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"463","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation\u2014Update 2011","volume":"29","author":"Nitsche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2019.12.008","article-title":"Neurocognitive correlates of self-esteem: From self-related attentional bias to involvement of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex","volume":"161","author":"Salehinejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.04.016","article-title":"Titrating the neuroplastic effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex","volume":"119","author":"Agboada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-019-00740-0","article-title":"Cathodal tDCS increases stop-signal reaction time","volume":"19","author":"Friehs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.04.002","article-title":"Anodal skin lesions after treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"3","author":"Frank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2024014","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for the treatment of nicotine addiction: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Iannuzzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Huang, M., Yu, Y., Zhong, X., Dai, S., Dai, Y., and Jiang, C. (2024). Is Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effective for Cognitive Dysfunction in Substance Use Disorders? A Systematic Review. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14080754"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15889","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Petit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"111","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of alcohol, tobacco and opioid use disorder in clinical studies","volume":"84","author":"Guleken","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padula, C.B., Tenekedjieva, L.T., McCalley, D.M., Al-Dasouqi, H., Hanlon, C.A., Williams, L.M., Kozel, F.A., Knutson, B., Durazzo, T.C., and Yesavage, J.A. (2022). Targeting the Salience Network: A Mini-Review on a Novel Neuromodulation Approach for Treating Alcohol Use Disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.893833"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-018-9393-5","article-title":"Efficacy of Invasive and Non-Invasive Brain Modulation Interventions for Addiction","volume":"29","author":"Luigjes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2012.08.003","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation in the functional evaluation of alcohol effects and in the treatment of alcohol craving: A review","volume":"74","author":"Nardone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00780-x","article-title":"Non-invasive Brain Stimulation for Alcohol Use Disorders: State of the Art and Future Directions","volume":"17","author":"Philip","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12548","article-title":"Neuromodulation Therapies for Alcohol Addiction: A Literature Review","volume":"21","author":"Azevedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152257","article-title":"Non-invasive and invasive brain stimulation in alcohol use disorders: A critical review of selected human evidence and methodological considerations to guide future research","volume":"109","author":"Maatoug","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01776-0","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuromodulation therapies for substance use disorders","volume":"49","author":"Mehta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12674","article-title":"A review of brain stimulation methods to treat substance use disorders","volume":"27","author":"Coles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Qin, J., He, Q., and Zou, Z. (2020). A Meta-Analysis of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Substance and Food Craving: What Effect Do Modulators Have?. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00598"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2022.100076","article-title":"Non-invasive neuromodulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to reduce craving in alcohol use disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Sorkhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.009","article-title":"Effects of non-invasive neurostimulation on craving: A meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Jansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafavi, S.A., Khaleghi, A., and Mohammadi, M.R. (2020). Noninvasive brain stimulation in alcohol craving: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109938"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghin, F., Beste, C., and Stock, A.K. (2022). Neurobiological mechanisms of control in alcohol use disorder\u2014Moving towards mechanism-based non-invasive brain stimulation treatments. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 133.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.12.031"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"448","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Applied to the Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortices in Smokers Modifies Cognitive Circuits Implicated in the Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondino, M., Luck, D., Grot, S., Januel, D., Suaud-Chagny, M.F., Poulet, E., and Brunelin, J. (2018). Effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation on smoking, craving and brain reactivity to smoking cues. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27057-1"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx055","article-title":"Electrical stimulation reduces smokers\u2019 craving by modulating the coupling between dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21074","article-title":"Modulation of smoker brain activity and functional connectivity by tDCS: A go\/no-go task-state fMRI study","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holla, B., Biswal, J., Ramesh, V., Shivakumar, V., Bharath, R.D., Benegal, V., Venkatasubramanian, G., Chand, P.K., and Murthy, P. (2020). Effect of prefrontal tDCS on resting brain fMRI graph measures in alcohol use disorders: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 102.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109950"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1559-9","article-title":"Ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as a target of the dorsolateral prefrontal modulation by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in drug addiction","volume":"123","author":"Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"S629","article-title":"Effect Of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation On Relapse Of Alcohol","volume":"64","author":"Jitendriya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.06.011","article-title":"Frontal tDCS reduces alcohol relapse rates by increasing connections from left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to addiction networks","volume":"16","author":"Camchong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00922","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.922","article-title":"Transcranial DC stimulation modifies functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks in abstinent methamphetamine users","volume":"8","author":"Shahbabaie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5340","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26007","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation to modulate fMRI drug cue reactivity in methamphetamine users: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Ekhtiari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soleimani, G., Towhidkhah, F., Oghabian, M.A., and Ekhtiari, H. (2022). DLPFC stimulation alters large-scale brain networks connectivity during a drug cue reactivity task: A tDCS-fMRI study. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.956315"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soleimani, G., Kupliki, R., Paulus, M., and Ekhtiari, H. (2023). Dose-response in modulating brain function with transcranial direct current stimulation: From local to network levels. PLoS Comput. Biol., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011572"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verveer, I., Remmerswaal, D., van der Veen, F.M., and Franken, I.H.A. (2020). Long-term tDCS effects on neurophysiological measures of cognitive control in tobacco smokers. Biol. Psychol., 156.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107962"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13171","article-title":"Electrophysiological and Behavioral Effects of Combined Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Alcohol Approach Bias Retraining in Hazardous Drinkers","volume":"40","author":"Gladwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2013.07.003","article-title":"Behavioral effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plasticity in alcohol dependence","volume":"107","author":"Conti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol.-Paris"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001040","article-title":"Auditory event-related potentials (P3) and cognitive changes induced by frontal direct current stimulation in alcoholics according to Lesch alcoholism typology","volume":"15","author":"Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agz096","article-title":"Decreases in the Late Positive Potential to Alcohol Images Among Alcohol Treatment Seekers Following Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention","volume":"55","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05475-2","article-title":"Can we boost attention and inhibition in binge drinking? Electrophysiological impact of neurocognitive stimulation","volume":"237","author":"Dormal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2023.01.001","article-title":"Use of the P300 event-related potential component to index transcranial direct current stimulation effects in drug users","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594211022100","article-title":"Using Bilateral tDCS to Modulate EEG Amplitude and Coherence of Men With Opioid Use Disorder Under Methadone Therapy: A Sham-controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"53","author":"Mostafavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.09.007","article-title":"Bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex changes the drug-cued reactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex of crack-cocaine addicts","volume":"7","author":"Conti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9562.1000374","article-title":"Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Neuromodulation in Crack-Cocaine Dependents during Early Abstinence","volume":"7","author":"Contia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000522","article-title":"Cognitive related electrophysiological changes induced by non-invasive cortical electrical stimulation in crack-cocaine addiction","volume":"17","author":"Conti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac018","article-title":"Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Attentional Bias to Methamphetamine Cues and Its Association With EEG-Derived Functional Brain Network Topology","volume":"25","author":"Khajehpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.006","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on craving, heart-rate variability and prefrontal hemodynamics during smoking cue exposure","volume":"168","author":"Kroczek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.32598\/BCN.10.6.1710.1","article-title":"Comparing the Efficacy of Anodal, Cathodal, and Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Psychological Symptoms in Opioid-Addicted Patients","volume":"10","author":"Eskandari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2021.1883208","article-title":"A sham-controlled clinical trial to examine the effect of bilateral tDCS on craving, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 expression levels, and impulsivity of males with opioid use disorder","volume":"39","author":"Eskandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, P.N., Foulon, C., Karolis, V., Bzdok, D., Margulies, D.S., Volle, E., and Thiebaut de Schotten, M. (2019). An improved neuroanatomical model of the default-mode network reconciles previous neuroimaging and neuropathological findings. Commun. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0611-3"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mars, R.B., Neubert, F.X., Noonan, M.P., Sallet, J., Toni, I., and Rushworth, M.F. (2012). On the relationship between the \u201cdefault mode network\u201d and the \u201csocial brain\u201d. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00189"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.009","article-title":"Default mode network activity in male adolescents with conduct and substance use disorder","volume":"134","author":"Dalwani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.117","article-title":"Resting state functional connectivity in addiction: Lessons learned and a road ahead","volume":"62","author":"Sutherland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx036","article-title":"Salience and default mode network dysregulation in chronic cocaine users predict treatment outcome","volume":"140","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24870","article-title":"Structural core of the executive control network: A high angular resolution diffusion MRI study","volume":"41","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-019-00744-6","article-title":"Towards a Universal Taxonomy of Macro-scale Functional Human Brain Networks","volume":"32","author":"Uddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.08.003","article-title":"Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: A unifying triple network model","volume":"15","author":"Menon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkac002","article-title":"The inter-relationships of the neural basis of rumination and inhibitory control: Neuroimaging-based meta-analyses","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoradiology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suk, J.W., Hwang, S., and Cheong, C. (2021). Functional and Structural Alteration of Default Mode, Executive Control, and Salience Networks in Alcohol Use Disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.742228"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr\u00f3s-Loscertales, A., Costumero, V., Rosell-Negre, P., Fuentes-Claramonte, P., Llopis-Llacer, J.J., and Bustamante, J.C. (2020). Motivational factors modulate left frontoparietal network during cognitive control in cocaine addiction. Addict. Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12820"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, V.B., and Preedy, V.R. (2022). The Left Frontoparietal Brain Network in Addictions. Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92392-1"},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Gottfried, J.A. (2025, May 25). Chapter 11 Neuroanatomy of Reward: A View from the Ventral Striatum, Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK92777\/."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.129","article-title":"The reward circuit: Linking primate anatomy and human imaging","volume":"35","author":"Haber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, S.K., Dunlop, K., and Downar, J. (2016). Cortico-Striatal-Thalamic Loop Circuits of the Salience Network: A Central Pathway in Psychiatric Disease and Treatment. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2016.00104"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-024-00593-9","article-title":"The Brain Salience Network at the Intersection of Pain and Substance use Disorders: Insights from Functional Neuroimaging Research","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cushnie, A.K., Tang, W., and Heilbronner, S.R. (2023). Connecting Circuits with Networks in Addiction Neuroscience: A Salience Network Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24109083"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.24.1163","article-title":"Effect of Intensified Transcranial Direct-current Stimulation Targeting Bilateral Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on Craving Reduction in Patients with Opioid (Heroin) Use Disorder","volume":"22","author":"Tameh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.12.010","article-title":"tDCS-induced modulation of GABA concentration and dopamine release in the human brain: A combination study of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography","volume":"14","author":"Bunai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0443-4","article-title":"Endogenous dopamine release under transcranial direct-current stimulation governs enhanced attention: A study with positron emission tomography","volume":"9","author":"Fukai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/166476","article-title":"Advances in EEG-based functional connectivity approaches to the study of the central nervous system in health and disease","volume":"32","author":"Battaglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/152943","article-title":"A meta-analysis to investigate the role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the detection of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"32","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ieong, H.F., and Yuan, Z. (2017). Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in the orbitofrontal cortex of heroin users and its relationship with anxiety: A pilot fNIRS study. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46522"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addicn.2022.100048","article-title":"Unfolding the real-time neural mechanisms in addiction: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as a resourceful tool for research and clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Carollo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i1.77","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammation in depression: Pathogenic partners in crime?","volume":"12","author":"Porter","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyanishi, H., and Nitta, A. (2021). A Role of BDNF in the Depression Pathogenesis and a Potential Target as Antidepressant: The Modulator of Stress Sensitivity \u201cShati\/Nat8l-BDNF System\u201d in the Dorsal Striatum. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14090889"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.05.008","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling in Depression and Antidepressant Action","volume":"90","author":"Monteggia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.10.058","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and addiction: Pathological versus therapeutic effects on drug seeking","volume":"1628","author":"Barker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.03.025","article-title":"Corticostriatal BDNF and alcohol addiction","volume":"1628","author":"Logrip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"404","article-title":"Role of BDNF in Neuroplasticity Associated with Alcohol Dependence","volume":"88","author":"Peregud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.11.018","article-title":"Multiple faces of BDNF in cocaine addiction","volume":"279","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.036","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in substance use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"193","author":"Ornell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e172884","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172884","article-title":"Imaging neuroinflammation in individuals with substance use disorders","volume":"134","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2019.01.007","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in addiction: A review of neuroimaging studies and potential immunotherapies","volume":"179","author":"Kohno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108511","article-title":"Chemokines, cytokines and substance use disorders","volume":"220","author":"Ahearn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morcuende, A., Navarrete, F., Nieto, E., Manzanares, J., and Femen\u00eda, T. (2021). Inflammatory Biomarkers in Addictive Disorders. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121824"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, K., Manza, P., Chapman, M., Nawal, N., Biesecker, E., McPherson, K., Dennis, E., Johnson, A., Volkow, N.D., and Joseph, P.V. (2022). Inflammatory Markers in Substance Use and Mood Disorders: A Neuroimaging Perspective. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.863734"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.003","article-title":"Glial and neuroinflammatory targets for treating substance use disorders","volume":"180","author":"Bachtell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, N., Liu, Y., Fu, X.M., Li, N., Wang, C.X., Zhang, H., Qian, R.B., Xu, H.S., Hu, X., and Zhang, D.R. (2011). Abnormal brain default-mode network functional connectivity in drug addicts. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016560"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1211","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m09965","article-title":"Disrupted Default Mode Network and Basal Craving in Male Heroin-Dependent Individuals: A Resting-State fMRI Study","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Wang, F., Zhu, J., Li, Y., Liu, W., Xue, J., Shi, H., Li, W., Li, Q., and Wang, W. (2021). Assessing effect of long-term abstinence on coupling of three core brain networks in male heroin addicts: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Addict. Biol., 26.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12982"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109549","article-title":"The effect of long-term methadone maintenance treatment on coupling among three large-scale brain networks in male heroin-dependent individuals: A resting-state fMRI study","volume":"238","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E295","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.220171","article-title":"Abnormal cerebral metabolism and metabolic connectivity in individuals with heroin dependence: An integrated resting-state PET\/fMRI study in large-scale networks","volume":"48","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.170011","article-title":"Disrupted coupling of large-scale networks is associated with relapse behaviour in heroin-dependent men","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chmiel, J., St\u0119pie\u0144-S\u0142odkowska, M., and Ramik-Ma\u017cewska, I. (2025). Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Substance Use Disorder (SUD)\u2014A Review and Insights into Possible Mechanisms of Action. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041337"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2024.00017","article-title":"Effects of bilateral tDCS over DLPFC on response inhibition, craving, and brain functional connectivity in Internet gaming disorder: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial with fMRI","volume":"13","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007779107","article-title":"Prefrontal-striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving","volume":"107","author":"Kober","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3119","article-title":"Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: Neuroimaging findings and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.130052","article-title":"Systematic review of ERP and fMRI studies investigating inhibitory control and error processing in people with substance dependence and behavioural addictions","volume":"39","author":"Luijten","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dousset, C., Chenut, C., Kajosch, H., Kornreich, C., and Campanella, S. (2022). Comparison of Neural Correlates of Reactive Inhibition in Cocaine, Heroin, and Polydrug Users through a Contextual Go\/No-Go Task Using Event-Related Potentials. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11071029"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohen, C.B., Cofres\u00ed, R.U., Piasecki, T.M., and Bartholow, B.D. (2024). Predictive utility of the P3 event-related potential (ERP) response to alcohol cues for ecologically assessed alcohol craving and use. Addict. Biol., 29.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13368"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017705","article-title":"Specificity of P3 event-related potential reactivity to alcohol cues in individuals low in alcohol sensitivity","volume":"24","author":"Bartholow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Littel, M., and Franken, I.H. (2011). Intentional modulation of the late positive potential in response to smoking cues by cognitive strategies in smokers. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027519"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14471","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14471","article-title":"Decomposing the late positive potential to cannabis cues in regular cannabis users: A temporal-spatial principal component analysis","volume":"61","author":"Preston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.02.002","article-title":"Dopaminergic mechanisms of target detection\u2014P300 event related potential and striatal dopamine","volume":"194","author":"Pogarell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.019","article-title":"Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b","volume":"118","author":"Polich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.150358","article-title":"Abstinence reverses EEG-indexed attention bias between drug-related and pleasant stimuli in cocaine-addicted individuals","volume":"42","author":"Parvaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.019","article-title":"The late positive potential (LPP) in response to varying types of emotional and cigarette stimuli in smokers: A content comparison","volume":"89","author":"Minnix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webber, H.E., de Dios, C., Kessler, D.A., Schmitz, J.M., Lane, S.D., and Suchting, R. (2022). Late positive potential as a candidate biomarker of motivational relevance in substance use: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104835"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/14\/4899\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:51Z","timestamp":1760033271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/14\/4899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14144899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14144899","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]}}}