{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:11:57Z","timestamp":1791666717015,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and related anatomical structures. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered a noninvasive and highly informative imaging modality for assessing TMJ soft tissues, few studies have examined how TMJ structural features observed on MRI findings relate to oral function and craniofacial morphology in female patients with malocclusion. To investigate the associations among TMJ structural features, oral function, and craniofacial morphology in female patients with malocclusion, using MRI findings interpreted in conjunction with a preliminary assessment based on selected components of the DC\/TMDs Axis I protocol. Methods: A total of 120 female patients (mean age: 27.3 \u00b1 10.9 years) underwent clinical examination based on DC\/TMDs Axis I and MRI-based structural characterization of the TMJ. Based on the structural features identified by MRI, patients were classified into four groups for comparison: osteoarthritis (OA), bilateral disk displacement (BDD), unilateral disk displacement (UDD), and a group with Osseous Change\/Disk Displacement negative (OC\/DD (\u2212)). Occlusal contact area, occlusal force, masticatory efficiency, tongue pressure, and lip pressure were measured. Lateral cephalometric analysis assessed skeletal and dental patterns. Results: OA group exhibited significantly reduced occlusal contact area (p &lt; 0.0083, \u03b72 = 0.12) and occlusal force (p &lt; 0.0083, \u03b72 = 0.14) compared to the OC\/DD (\u2212) group. Cephalometric analysis revealed that both OA and BDD groups had significantly larger ANB angles (OA: 5.7\u00b0, BDD: 5.2\u00b0, OC\/DD (\u2212): 3.7\u00b0; p &lt; 0.0083, \u03b72 = 0.21) and FMA angles (OA: 32.4\u00b0, BDD: 31.8\u00b0, OC\/DD (\u2212): 29.0\u00b0; p &lt; 0.0083, \u03b72 = 0.17) compared to the OC\/DD (\u2212) group. No significant differences were observed in masticatory efficiency, tongue pressure, or lip pressure. Conclusions: TMJ structural abnormalities detected via MRI, especially osteoarthritis, are associated with diminished oral function and skeletal Class II and high-angle features in female patients with malocclusion. Although orthodontic treatment is not intended to manage TMDs, MRI-based structural characterization\u2014when clinically appropriate\u2014may aid in treatment planning by identifying underlying joint conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14144921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T11:26:37Z","timestamp":1752233197000},"page":"4921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Structural Features of the Temporomandibular Joint Evaluated by MRI and Their Association with Oral Function and Craniofacial Morphology in Female Patients with Malocclusion: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mari","family":"Kaneda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudai","family":"Shimpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kana","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rintaro","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumitaka","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Mishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Tsurumi University Dental Hospital, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-2313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinami","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and Diagnosis, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Tomonari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416686302","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders: Old ideas and new concepts","volume":"37","author":"List","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malgorzata, P., Malgorzata, K.-M., Karolina, C., and Gala, A. 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