{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:19:28Z","timestamp":1790270368023,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2023-00252208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00252208"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Poststroke dysphagia is a common condition that can lead to complications such as aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition, significantly affecting the quality of life. Most patients recover their swallowing function spontaneously, but in others difficulties persist beyond six months. Can we predict this in advance? On the other hand, there have been recent attempts to use machine learning to predict disease prognosis. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether machine learning can predict the long-term prognosis for poststroke dysphagia using early videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) data. Methods: Data from VFSSs performed within 1 month of onset and swallowing status at 6 months were collected retrospectively in patients with dysphagia who experienced their first acute stroke at a university hospital. We selected 14 factors (lip closure, bolus formation, mastication, apraxia, tongue-to-palate contact, premature bolus loss, oral transit time, triggering of pharyngeal swallow, vallecular residue, laryngeal elevation, pyriform sinus residue, coating of the pharyngeal wall, pharyngeal transit time, and aspiration) from the VFSS data, scored them, and analyzed whether they could predict the long-term prognosis using five machine learning algorithms: Random forest, CatBoost classifier, K-neighbor classifier, Light gradient boosting machine, Extreme gradient boosting. These algorithms were combined through an ensemble method to create the final model. Results: In total, we collected data from 448 patients, of which 70% were used for training and 30% for testing. The final model was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC), resulting in values of 0.98, 0.94, 0.84, 0.88, and 0.99, respectively. Conclusions: Machine learning models using early VFSS data have shown high accuracy and predictive power in predicting the long-term prognosis of patients with poststroke dysphagia, and they are likely to provide useful information for clinicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T10:46:05Z","timestamp":1752662765000},"page":"5025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Predicting Long-Term Prognosis of Poststroke Dysphagia with Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minsu","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9302-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changyeol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Analysis, AimedAI, Seoul 06178, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kihwan","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Management of Technology, Korea University, Seoul 06178, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7755-435X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bum Sun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo Hae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4989-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banda, K.J., Chu, H., Kang, X.L., Liu, D., Pien, L.-C., Jen, H.-J., Hsiao, S.-T.S., and Chou, K.-R. 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