{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:36:14Z","timestamp":1791952574508,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insulin, traditionally recognized for its pivotal role in glycemic regulation, exerts extensive effects beyond glucose homeostasis, influencing multiple physiological systems. This narrative review explores the multifaceted actions of insulin, emphasizing its impact on skeletal muscle remodeling, protein and lipid metabolism, growth, reproductive health, and the central nervous system. Methods: An in-depth review of articles with evidence-based research discussing insulin actions beyond glycemic control was conducted in this review paper. Results: Insulin directly influences lipid and protein metabolism as well as growth hormone levels. This hormone provides a protective effect on the skeletal and central nervous systems, helping to maintain homeostasis and potentially reducing the risk of certain disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease. The significance of insulin balance in the reproductive system is also crucial, with recent research indicating that insulin plays a role in worsening symptoms and complications associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. This review underscores the importance of maintaining proper insulin levels to lower the risk of insulin resistance. Ongoing research aims to deepen our understanding of insulin\u2019s functions, which are essential for preventing specific diseases and developing new treatment strategies. Conclusions: Insulin\u2019s action extends far beyond glucose metabolism, affecting many systems and preventing pathological changes in some.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T12:55:00Z","timestamp":1752670500000},"page":"5039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Understanding Insulin Actions Beyond Glycemic Control: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rayan","family":"Riachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Auxology and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Khalife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Auxology and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"K\u0119dzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Auxology and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3245-8131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Niechcia\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Auxology and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, S., Hossain, K.S., Das, S., Kundu, S., Adegoke, E.O., Rahman, A., Hannan, A., Uddin, J., and Pang, M.-G. 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