{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:30:02Z","timestamp":1760059802499,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The correlation between drugs and interstitial lung disease (ILD) is reported, but the presence of the substances of abuse in the lung as a cause of disease has never been proved. In this observational study, our aim was to evaluate a possible correlation between ILD radiological findings and cannabinoids presence in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) or in resected lung tissue in patients with a history of cannabis smoke. Methods: Data of patients with ILD chest CT scan findings and history of drug use, submitted to BAL (Group 1), or to lung apex removal for pneumothorax (Group 2), were retrospectively collected. In both groups, drug presence was investigated. A subgroup of Group 1 was checked for the concomitant presence in blood. Fisher\u2019s test was used to study the association between the detection of the drug and ILD. Results: In Group 1, cannabinoids were present in 12\/26 (46.2%) BAL samples. ILD emerged on chest CT in 75% of the cannabinoid-positive and in 20% of the cannabinoid-negative BAL samples (p = 0.0299). In the subgroup, the patients who tested positive for cannabinoids\/cocaine on BAL were 55.6%; 0% were positive only on blood (p = 0.0294). In Group 2, cannabinoids were present in 10\/15 (66.7%) specimens. ILD was evident, respectively, in 40% and in 0% of the patients with cannabinoid-positive and cannabinoid-negative surgical specimens (p = 0.2308). Conclusions: The prevalence of ILD in patients with cannabinoid-positive BAL and in those with cannabinoid-positive surgical specimens suggests that ILD could be caused by cannabis smoke. The non-concomitant presence of substances in BAL and in blood advocates the diagnostic usefulness of searching for the drug in the target organ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T15:48:22Z","timestamp":1752680902000},"page":"5054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does Cannabis Smoke Cause Interstitial Lung Disease?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Bisconti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pneumology, \u201cVito Fazzi\u201d Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Martucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Bronchial Endoscopy, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adele","family":"Minutillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra Palma","family":"Modoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pneumology, \u201cVito Fazzi\u201d Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Giacobbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Bronchial Endoscopy, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Concetta","family":"Rotolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sollitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Loizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3172-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta Pia","family":"Ard\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senia","family":"Trabucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Zaccaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiac Surgery, \u201cVito Fazzi\u201d Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Fellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiac Surgery, \u201cVito Fazzi\u201d Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Talamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pneumology, \u201cVito Fazzi\u201d Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Marulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3336-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"De Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2013.10.011","article-title":"The large spectrum of pulmonary complications following illicit drug use: Features and mechanisms","volume":"206","author":"Chevillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. 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