{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:16:45Z","timestamp":1792552605726,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Handheld dynamometry (HHD) is widely utilized for assessing muscle strength, particularly in the wrist. However, variability in measurement reliability due to differences in testing protocols poses a challenge for clinical and research applications. Methods: The design of this study includes a scoping review of the literature, conducted following the PRISMA-ScR checklist methodology developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The databases most commonly cited in review articles were consulted: EBSCO, PEDro, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. The following MeSH terms were used: \u201cHandheld Dynamometer\u201d, \u201cWrist\u201d, \u201cForearm\u201d, \u201cMuscle\u201d, and \u201cStrength\u201d. The search strings were built using combinations of these terms. Article screening was performed by three reviewers independently, blinded to each other\u2019s selections. Results: The review indicates that HHD can provide reliable measurements when standardized protocols are used. Most studies reported high intra-examiner reliability with Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) between 0.71 and 0.90. However, inter-examiner reliability showed more variability, particularly when more than two examiners were involved. The review also highlights the importance of precise dynamometer placement and consistent patient positioning in order to reduce measurement variability. Conclusions: While HHD is a valuable tool for wrist strength assessment, the effectiveness of its measurements largely depends on the testing procedure\u2019s standardization. Implementing validated standardized protocols is essential in enhancing measurement reliability and ensuring their consistent application across clinical settings. Further research is needed to firmly implement these protocols and expand their application in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T11:25:17Z","timestamp":1752751517000},"page":"5059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Improving Wrist Strength Assessment Reliability: A Review of Handheld Dynamometry Protocols and Their Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Diego","family":"Mazzocato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 40100 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Biasol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 40100 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9137-4187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Arcuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Fairplay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 40100 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 1st Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4301-7569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donati","family":"Danilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Policlinico di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Zanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 40100 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8992-3957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Boccolari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Policlinico di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Tedeschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 40100 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, April 08). 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