{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:11:10Z","timestamp":1792685470427,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hallux valgus is one of the common causes of forefoot pain in the field of foot and ankle surgery. This condition is characterized by valgus and pronation deformities of the first ray, leading to bunion pain, metatarsalgia, callus formation, and gait disturbances. Conventional open osteotomy of the first metatarsal and proximal phalanx of the first toe has been widely performed. Recently, with increasing reports of favorable radiologic and clinical outcomes of minimally invasive surgery, this technique has been performed by many surgeons. Despite the various surgical methods available, there is still no consensus on the optimal treatment of hallux valgus, and the advantages and disadvantages of open versus minimally invasive techniques remain a topic of debate. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest radiographic evaluation and surgical treatment for hallux valgus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T11:25:17Z","timestamp":1752751517000},"page":"5072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Current Concepts of Radiographic Evaluation and Surgical Treatment for Hallux Valgus Deformity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7746-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Ki","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Hun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daejeon Centum Hospital, Daejeon 35209, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5192-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Hwang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.0759","article-title":"Hallux valgus: Demographics, etiology, and radiographic assessment","volume":"28","author":"Coughlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/10711007241298681","article-title":"Anatomical and Micro-CT Assessment of the First Metatarsal Head Vascularization and Soft Tissue Envelope Following Minimally Invasive Chevron Osteotomy for Hallux Valgus Deformity","volume":"46","author":"Carvalho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100718807893","article-title":"Comparison of radiographic and clinical results after extended distal chevron osteotomy with distal soft tissue release with moderate versus severe hallux valgus","volume":"40","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.0654","article-title":"Current concepts review: Hallux valgus part 1: Pathomechanics, clinical assessment, and nonoperative management","volume":"28","author":"Easley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.0748","article-title":"Current concepts review: Hallux valgus part II: Operative treatment","volume":"28","author":"Easley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.1209","article-title":"Equivalent correction in scarf and chevron osteotomy in moderate and severe hallux valgus: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Deenik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2015.05.012","article-title":"Extended plantar limb (modified) chevron osteotomy versus scarf osteotomy for hallux valgus correction: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100718799079","article-title":"Proximal opening wedge osteotomy with distal chevron osteotomy of the first metatarsal for the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus","volume":"40","author":"Braito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00231","article-title":"Proximal opening wedge osteotomy with wedge-plate fixation compared with proximal chevron osteotomy for the treatment of hallux valgus: A prospective, randomized study","volume":"96","author":"Glazebrook","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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