{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T09:47:19Z","timestamp":1784281639322,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cerebral hemorrhage (CH) has physical, cognitive, and emotional consequences. Recovery requires a complex rehabilitation process in which coping strategies play a fundamental role in supporting psychological adaptation. The aim of this study is to investigate and understand the extent and manner in which coping strategies have been assessed in the CH population within the scientific literature. Methods: Studies were identified through searches in the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. Eight studies published between 2014 and 2024 were selected. Results: The most frequently adopted coping strategies include task-oriented coping, avoidance, emotion-focused coping, acceptance, planning, and emotional support. Task-oriented strategies and acceptance are associated with better psychological outcomes. Conversely, avoidant and emotion-focused strategies correlate with higher levels of anxiety, depression, and poorer adaptation. Resilience and social participation emerge as protective factors. Finally, Action\/Distraction is associated with a better quality of life, while Trivialization\/Resignation is linked to lower levels. Conclusions: Coping seems to represent a modifiable, patient-centered lever that can mitigate the psychosocial sequelae of intracranial hemorrhage when assessed systematically and addressed through tailored rehabilitation programs. Our findings lay the groundwork for evidence-based, coping-focused interventions and highlight critical avenues for future longitudinal and mechanistic research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T12:09:53Z","timestamp":1752840593000},"page":"5121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["How to Cope with Coping in Adult Post-Hemorrhagic Patients Undergoing Neurorehabilitation: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-0970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Cardile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3984-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Cappadona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Patti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Ansaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-4366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4862-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Corallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-605X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8665-3575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Anselmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Quartarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8566-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco Salvatore","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"693","article-title":"Post-stroke pain: A review","volume":"4","author":"Andersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2016.00864","article-title":"Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical features of intracerebral hemorrhage: An update","volume":"19","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.107664","article-title":"Natural history, predictors and outcomes of depression after stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"202","author":"Ayerbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.2.267","article-title":"Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach","volume":"56","author":"Carver","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6","article-title":"You want to measure coping but your protocol\u2019s too long: Consider the Brief COPE","volume":"4","author":"Carver","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.5.844","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation","volume":"58","author":"Endler","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"20","author":"Feigin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456","article-title":"Coping: Pitfalls and promise","volume":"55","author":"Folkman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319949","article-title":"Cerebral Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Future Directions","volume":"130","author":"Girard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000046458.67968.E4","article-title":"Ultra-early hemostatic therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"34","author":"Mayer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12357","article-title":"Part I: Frequency of depression after stroke: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"9","author":"Hackett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e282","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000407","article-title":"2022 Guidelines for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"53","author":"Greenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70104-7","article-title":"Intracerebral haemorrhage: Mechanisms of injury and therapeutic targets","volume":"11","author":"Keep","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60325-5","article-title":"Stroke rehabilitation","volume":"377","author":"Langhorne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1279","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of acute stroke impairments and disability in a multiethnic population","volume":"32","author":"Lawrence","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Lazarus, R.S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, Springer."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.04.005","article-title":"Participation in work and leisure activities after stroke: A national study","volume":"62","author":"Schnitzler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.246","article-title":"Delayed neurological deterioration after subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"10","author":"Macdonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30371-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: Integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"16","author":"Maas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1159\/000101464","article-title":"Cognitive disorders in acute stroke: Prevalence and clinical determinants","volume":"23","author":"Nys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2997","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of patients with traumatic brain injury: Results at two, five, and ten years after injury","volume":"31","author":"Ponsford","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.0707","article-title":"Sleep Disorders in Stroke: An Update on Management","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii68","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev379","article-title":"Neurocritical care for intracranial hemorrhage: A systematic review of recent studies","volume":"115","author":"Badenes","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJA Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2009.00289.x","article-title":"A systematic review of caregiver burden following stroke","volume":"4","author":"Rigby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stroke Unit Trialists\u2019 Collaboration (2013). Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2013, CD000197.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000197.pub3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70340-0","article-title":"Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Luitse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2022.2039378","article-title":"Endocrine dysregulation in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"36","author":"Roe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardile, D., Calderone, A., Pagano, M., Cappadona, I., Rifici, C., Quartarone, A., Corallo, F., and Calabr\u00f2, R.S. (2024). Coping Strategies in Patients with Acquired Brain Injury: A Scoping Review. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14080784"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00130-7","article-title":"Dementia risk after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: A prospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Moulin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1346295","article-title":"Twelve-month prospective cohort study of patients with severe traumatic brain injury and their relatives: Coping, satisfaction with life and neurological functioning","volume":"31","author":"Haller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Luca, R., Calderone, A., Gangemi, A., Rifici, C., Bonanno, M., Maggio, M.G., Cappadona, I., Veneziani, I., Ielo, A., and Corallo, F. (2024). Is Virtual Reality Orientation Therapy Useful to Optimize Cognitive and Behavioral Functioning Following Severe Acquired Brain Injury? An Exploratory Study. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050410"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1623671","article-title":"Intracerebral hemorrhage: An update on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"19","author":"Hostettler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/hospitals1010005","article-title":"Confused about Rehabilitation? Multi-Faceted Approaches for Brain Injured Patients in a Confusional State","volume":"1","author":"Fabricius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hospitals"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"501","article-title":"Investigating the discrepancy between subjective and objective cognitive impairment following acquired brain injury: The role of psychological affect","volume":"41","author":"Byrne","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"45","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and quality of life among subgroups of individuals with acquired brain injury: The role of anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance","volume":"47","author":"McIntyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: Uno strumento rivisto per la valutazione del rischio di bias negli studi randomizzati","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036275","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) in patients with acquired brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Brands","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.893029","article-title":"Coping strategies in individuals after traumatic brain injury: Associations with health-related quality of life","volume":"36","author":"Sasse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jrm12448","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v56.12448","article-title":"Social participation, resilience, and coping tendency in a sample of stroke survivors: A multi-centre cross-sectional study in China","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517718367","article-title":"Is the effect of coping styles disease specific? Relationships with emotional distress and quality of life in acquired brain injury and multiple sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Brands","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandolfi, M., Donisi, V., Battista, S., Picelli, A., Val\u00e8, N., Del Piccolo, L., and Smania, N. (2021). Health-Related Quality of Life and Psychological Features in Post-Stroke Patients with Chronic Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Neuro-Rehabilitation Context of Care. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063089"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persson, H.C., T\u00f6rnbom, K., Sunnerhagen, K.S., and T\u00f6rnbom, M. (2017). Consequences and coping strategies six years after a subarachnoid hemorrhage\u2014A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181006"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010961","article-title":"Problem-Solving Therapy During Outpatient Stroke Rehabilitation Improves Coping and Health-Related Quality of Life: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"47","author":"Visser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-023-05549-y","article-title":"Coping strategies in patients with good outcome but chronic fatigue after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"165","author":"Ghafaji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.5.980","article-title":"Detecting psychiatric morbidity after stroke: Comparison of the GHQ and the HAD Scale","volume":"29","author":"MacHale","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-20181","article-title":"Das Bew\u00e4ltigungsverhalten von Schlaganfallpatienten: Intensit\u00e4t und Effektivit\u00e4t [Coping-activities of stroke patients: Intensity and effectiveness]","volume":"52","author":"Kremer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050312116671725","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312116671725","article-title":"SF-36 total score as a single measure of health-related quality of life: Scoping review","volume":"4","author":"Lins","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krenz, U., Greving, S., Zeldovich, M., Haagsma, J., Polinder, S., von Steinb\u00fcchel, N., and On Behalf of the Center-Tbi Participants and Investigators (2023). Reference Values of the Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) from a General Population Sample in Italy. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020491"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2021.0057","article-title":"How Do Scores on the Functional Status Examination (FSE) Correspond to Scores on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE)?","volume":"3","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05729-7","article-title":"Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS): Italian adaptation, psychometrics and diagnostics","volume":"43","author":"Aiello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X17734801","article-title":"Use of the Social Problem Solving Inventory\u2013Revised with Forensic Populations: A Psychometric Critique","volume":"62","author":"Bothamley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakr, F., Dabbous, M., Akel, M., Salameh, P., and Hosseini, H. (2022). Construction and Validation of the 17-Item Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL-17): A Comprehensive Short Scale to Assess the Functional, Psychosocial, and Therapeutic Factors of QOL among Stroke Survivors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315668"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02688-y","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2022.2026280","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale in stroke survivors","volume":"30","author":"Lau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.31.563","article-title":"Can the stroke impact scale 3.0 detect cognitive impairments in patients with a recent stroke?","volume":"31","author":"Almalki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.07.009","article-title":"Measurement Properties of Visual Analogue Scale, Numeric Rating Scale, and Pain Severity Subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory in Patients with Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review","volume":"20","author":"Chiarotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.12.006","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the SCL-90-R: A study on a large community sample","volume":"27","author":"Prunas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.139.5.439-457","article-title":"The general self-efficacy scale: Multicultural validation studies","volume":"139","author":"Luszczynska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","article-title":"The multidimensional scale of perceived social support","volume":"52","author":"Zimet","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460115022","article-title":"The fatigue severity scale: Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"46","author":"Krupp","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3109\/02699050903452961","article-title":"A self-assessment questionnaire for mental fatigue and related symptoms after neurological disorders and injuries","volume":"24","author":"Johansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-2050-x","article-title":"How depressed is \u201cdepressed\u201d? A systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis of optimal cut points for the Beck Depression Inventory revised (BDI-II)","volume":"28","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties","volume":"56","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0589","article-title":"Reproducibility of three self-report participation measures: The ICF Measure of Participation and Activities Screener, the Participation Scale, and the Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation","volume":"42","author":"Priesterbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0240-1","article-title":"Measuring resilience with the Connor\u2013Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Which version to choose?","volume":"57","author":"Kuiper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"499","article-title":"The influencing factors and coping styles of mental health stress responses of stroke caregivers","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanis\u0142awski, K. (2019). The Coping Circumplex Model: An Integrative Model of the Structure of Coping with Stress. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00694"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200605000-00005","article-title":"Coping and emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Anson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"55","article-title":"Executive function and coping in stroke survivors","volume":"34","author":"Kegel","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.08.010","article-title":"Assessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390500376816","article-title":"Executive function and coping at one-year post traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Krpan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Luca, R., Gangemi, A., Maggio, M.G., Bonanno, M., Calderone, A., Mazzurco Masi, V.M., Rifici, C., Cappadona, I., Pagano, M., and Cardile, D. (2024). Effects of Virtual Rehabilitation Training on Post-Stroke Executive and Praxis Skills and Depression Symptoms: A Quasi-Randomised Clinical Trial. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14171892"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12074","article-title":"Associations between executive functioning, coping, and psychosocial functioning after acquired brain injury","volume":"54","author":"Ponds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torregrossa, W., Raciti, L., Rifici, C., Rizzo, G., Raciti, G., Casella, C., Naro, A., and Calabr\u00f2, R.S. (2023). Behavioral and Psychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comprehensive Overview. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051449"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.19082\/4924","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and quality of life in stroke survivors and their family caregivers: A pilot study using an actor\/partner interdependence model","volume":"9","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"69","article-title":"Burden in caregivers of patients with acquired brain injury: Influence of family role and gender","volume":"55","author":"Corallo","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_PERSP-23-00294","article-title":"Examining Factors That Contribute to Poststroke Depression Within the Family Caregiver and Care Recipient Dyadic Experience","volume":"9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perspect. ASHA Spec. Interest Groups"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-018-0083-0","article-title":"Depressive symptom prevalence after intracerebral hemorrhage: A multi-center study","volume":"2","author":"Francis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Patient-Rep. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2015.02.001","article-title":"A framework to support cognitive behavior therapy for emotional disorder after stroke","volume":"23","author":"Kneebone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Pract."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panzeri, A., Rossi Ferrario, S., and Vidotto, G. (2019). Interventions for Psychological Health of Stroke Caregivers: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02045"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-023-09625-z","article-title":"Combined Cognitive and Psychological Interventions Improve Meaningful Outcomes after Acquired Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Davies","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24648","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024648","article-title":"The psychometric measures to assess aggressive dimension following traumatic brain injury: A review","volume":"100","author":"Corallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035623","article-title":"Acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness for chronic pain: Model, process, and progress","volume":"69","author":"McCracken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1348478","article-title":"La relazione longitudinale tra accettazione e ansia e depressione nelle persone che hanno avuto un ictus","volume":"22","author":"Crowley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12198","article-title":"Brief group-based acceptance and commitment therapy for stroke survivors","volume":"58","author":"Majumdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmes, M.S., Trajera, S.M., and Ching, G.S. (2021). Relationship of Coping Strategies and Quality of Life: Parallel and Serial Mediating Role of Resilience and Social Participation among Older Adults in Western Philippines. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910006"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14670","article-title":"Perceived participation and autonomy post-stroke and associated factors: An explorative cross-sectional study","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827615608788","article-title":"The Connection Prescription: Using the Power of Social Interactions and the Deep Desire for Connectedness to Empower Health and Wellness","volume":"11","author":"Martino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonnord, T., Clarys, D., Boucard, G., and Esnard, C. (2023). Positive impact of social relationships fostered by physical and\/or cognitive group activity on older people\u2019s quality of life: PRISMA systematic review. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1166072"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2023.2246377","article-title":"Interventions that aim to increase social participation through recreation or leisure activity for adults with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A scoping review","volume":"46","author":"Leeson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-010-0673-y","article-title":"Coping strategies, health-related quality of life and psychiatric history in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"152","author":"Hedlund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.01.017","article-title":"Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes","volume":"87 Pt B","author":"Meints","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00190-5","article-title":"Active and passive coping strategies in chronic pain patients","volume":"64","author":"Norris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.07.018","article-title":"Affective, neurocognitive and psychosocial disorders associated with traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic epilepsy","volume":"123","author":"Semple","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2022.2049505","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for managing depressive and anxiety symptoms after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Ahrens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, C., Li, Z., Du, C., Zhang, X., Chen, Z., Luo, G., Wu, X., Wang, J., Cai, Y., and Zhao, G. (2022). Supportive psychological therapy can effectively treat post-stroke post-traumatic stress disorder at the early stage. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1007571"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2022.2140833","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-stroke post-traumatic stress disorder: Case report using the three-phase approach","volume":"36","author":"Smart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janssen, E.P.J., Spauwen, P.J.J., Rijnen, S.J.M., and Ponds, R.W.H.M. (2025). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder following acquired brain injury: A multiple baseline single case experimental design study across four cases. Neuropsychol. Rehabil., 1\u201329. advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2024.2444999"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carletto, S., Borghi, M., Bertino, G., Oliva, F., Cavallo, M., Hofmann, A., Zennaro, A., Malucchi, S., and Ostacoli, L. (2016). Treating Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Relaxation Therapy. Front. Psychol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00526"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2022.2051564","article-title":"Intra- and interpersonal effects of coping style and self-efficacy on anxiety, depression and life satisfaction in patient-partner couples after stroke","volume":"33","author":"Welten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/rnj.213","article-title":"Couples\u2019 Coping After Stroke\u2014A Pilot Intervention Study","volume":"41","author":"Harmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rehabil. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3260","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3260","article-title":"Effectiveness of group acceptance and commitment therapy in treating depression for acute stroke patients","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/14\/5121\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:12:09Z","timestamp":1760033529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/14\/5121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14145121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14145121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]}}}