{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:31:43Z","timestamp":1760059903514,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>T1D and CD commonly occur together. This association has received increasing attention from researchers and is considered in detail in this review. Since CD is over-represented in T1D, it may cause ill health with attendant complications, but because there is an effective dietary treatment, screening has been recommended in children and adults. However, there are many unknowns regarding this association, and understanding the why, when, and how with regard to screening and managing those with dual diagnoses requires thorough consideration when introducing the concept of screening to patients. It is important that patients and, where appropriate, carers are put at the heart of the decision-making process with careful discussion of the issues involved before undertaking screening that might uncover a second life-changing diagnosis, for which, without preparatory preparation and support, individuals may be ill-prepared, causing mental health issues. For some patients, an initial policy of monitoring rather than moving to immediate small bowel biopsy and exposure to a gluten-free diet (GFD) will be appropriate. The correct management of patients will ultimately improve their quality of life medically and socially.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T15:35:51Z","timestamp":1752852951000},"page":"5129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Implications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Coeliac Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7813-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Holmes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3NE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gillett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.10.72","article-title":"Risk of morbidity in contemporary celiac disease","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rampertab, S.D., and Mullin, G.E. (2014). Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Celiac Disease. Celiac Disease, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8560-5"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Rostami-Nejab, M. (2022). Co-Mobidities Associated with Celiac Disease, Dermatitis Hepetiformis, and Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity. Gluten-Related Disorders, Diagnosic Appoaches, Treatment Pathways and Futures Perspectives, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619899225","article-title":"Prevalence of coexisting autoimmune thyroidal diseases in coeliac disease is decreasing","volume":"8","author":"Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000751","article-title":"Mass Screening for Celiac Disease: The Autoimmunity Screening for Kids Study","volume":"116","author":"Stahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00354-6","article-title":"Screening type 1 diabetes and celiac disease by law","volume":"12","author":"Bosi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386513","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1386513","article-title":"Home capillary sampling and screening for type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, and autoimmune thyroid disease in a Swedish general pediatric population: The TRIAD study","volume":"12","author":"Lind","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"30","article-title":"A case of coeliac disease with glycosuria","volume":"22","author":"Poynton","year":"1925","journal-title":"Br. J. Child. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-45-2-191","article-title":"Modern treatment of the malabsorption syndrome in adults","volume":"45","author":"Finlay","year":"1956","journal-title":"Annals Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0130-2","article-title":"Common ground: Shared risk factors for type 1 diabetes and celiac disease","volume":"19","author":"Verdu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30172-4","article-title":"Coeliac disease in children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Kurppa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"631","article-title":"The prevalence of coeliac disease in adult diabetes mellitus","volume":"87","author":"Page","year":"1994","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.6.495","article-title":"Screening for coeliac disease in type 1 diabetes","volume":"87","author":"Holmes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12973","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Associations between coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Elfstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kylokas, A., Kaukinen, K., Huhtala, H., Collin, P., Maki, M., and Kurppa, K. (2016). Type 1 and type 2 diabetes in celiac disease: Prevalence and effect on clinical and histological presentation. BMC Gastroenterol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0488-2"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2508","article-title":"Prevalence of Celiac Disease in 52,721 Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: International Comparison Across Three Continents","volume":"40","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1348","article-title":"Comment on Craig et al. Prevalence of Celiac Disease in 52,721 Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: International Comparison Across Three Continents","volume":"40","author":"Maltoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.5603\/DK.2021.0055","article-title":"Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Albatineh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18373","article-title":"Meta-Analysis: Global Prevalence of Coeliac Disease in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Karimzadhagh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0146","article-title":"Prevalence of celiac disease and celiac-related antibody status in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes in Jordan","volume":"8","author":"Odeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1294","article-title":"Younger age at onset and sex predict celiac disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: An Italian multicenter study","volume":"27","author":"Cerutti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06175-8","article-title":"Coeliac disease and type 2 diabetes risk: A nationwide matched cohort and Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"67","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.033","article-title":"Patients with celiac disease have a lower prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome","volume":"144","author":"Kabbani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.2337\/dcs15-2007","article-title":"Contrasting the Genetic Background of Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease Autoimmunity","volume":"38","author":"Romanos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.4.1235","article-title":"Extrapancreatic autoimmune manifestations in type 1 diabetes patients and their first-degree relatives: A multicenter study","volume":"26","author":"Hanukoglu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01619.x","article-title":"Simultaneous triple organ specific autoantibody profiling in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their first-degree relatives","volume":"63","author":"Dagdelen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1999.0029900297","article-title":"Duration of exposure to gluten and risk for autoimmune disorders in patients with celiac disease. SIGEP Study Group for Autoimmune Disorders in Celiac Disease","volume":"117","author":"Ventura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.4.502","article-title":"Duration of gluten exposure in adult coeliac disease does not correlate with the risk for autoimmune disorders","volume":"49","author":"Solerio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.6.897","article-title":"Coeliac disease and the risk of autoimmune disorders","volume":"51","author":"Ventura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7143","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095329","article-title":"The Role of Gluten in Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Serena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haupt-Jorgensen, M., Holm, L.J., Josefsen, K., and Buschard, K. (2018). Possible Prevention of Diabetes with a Gluten-Free Diet. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111746"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k3547","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3547","article-title":"Association between maternal gluten intake and type 1 diabetes in offspring: National prospective cohort study in Denmark","volume":"362","author":"Antvorskov","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4697-9","article-title":"Gluten intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in three large prospective cohort studies of US men and women","volume":"61","author":"Zong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x","article-title":"Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: A longitudinal study","volume":"101","author":"Stene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-023-01070-9","article-title":"Viruses and celiac disease: What do we know?","volume":"23","author":"Cohen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa168","article-title":"Rotavirus and Type 1 Diabetes-Is There a Connection?","volume":"222","author":"Burke","year":"2020","journal-title":"A Synthesis of the Evidence. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d35","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d35","article-title":"Enterovirus infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational molecular studies","volume":"342","author":"Yeung","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valitutti, F., Cucchiara, S., and Fasano, A. (2019). Celiac Disease and the Microbiome. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102403"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319809","article-title":"Metagenomics of the faecal virome indicate a cumulative effect of enterovirus and gluten amount on the risk of coeliac disease autoimmunity in genetically at risk children: The TEDDY study","volume":"69","author":"Lindfors","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2001.00498.x","article-title":"Coeliac disease and Type 1 diabetes mellitus-the case for screening","volume":"18","author":"Holmes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12629","article-title":"Sex- and age-dependent effects of celiac disease on growth and weight gain in children with type 1 diabetes: Analysis of the type 1 diabetes Exchange Clinic Registry","volume":"19","author":"Simmons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-015-0808-y","article-title":"A nationwide population-based study on the risk of coma, ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia in patients with celiac disease and type 1 diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Kurien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2117","article-title":"Celiac Disease Increases Risk of Thyroid Disease in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"39","author":"Kurien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0149","article-title":"High prevalence of microvascular complications in adults with type 1 diabetes and newly diagnosed celiac disease","volume":"34","author":"Leeds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-025-07443-y","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for osteoporosis in type 1 diabetes-results from an observational study","volume":"36","author":"Stoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lungaro, L., Manza, F., Costanzini, A., Barbalinardo, M., Gentili, D., Caputo, F., Guarino, M., Zoli, G., Volta, U., and De Giorgio, R. (2023). Osteoporosis and Celiac Disease: Updates and Hidden Pitfalls. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051089"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12092","article-title":"Long-term coeliac disease influences risk of death in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"274","author":"Mollazadegan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.10.032","article-title":"Celiac Disease Does Not Influence Fracture Risk in Young Patients with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"169","author":"Reilly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3223-y","article-title":"Risk of renal disease in patients with both type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease","volume":"57","author":"Mollazadegan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.08.105","article-title":"Quality of Life in Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease: Role of the Gluten-Free Diet","volume":"179","author":"Donaghue","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2019-0479","article-title":"Effect of Gluten-Free Diet on Metabolic Control and Anthropometric Parameters in Type 1 Diabetes with Subclinical Celiac Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"26","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soderstrom, H., Rehn, J., Cervin, M., Ahlstermark, C., Bybrant, M.C., and Carlsson, A. (2021). Compliance to a Gluten-Free Diet in Swedish Children with Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124444"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eland, I., Klieverik, L., Mansour, A.A., and Al-Toma, A. (2022). Gluten-Free Diet in Co-Existent Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Is It Detrimental or Beneficial to Glycemic Control, Vascular Complications, and Quality of Life?. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010199"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.110032","article-title":"The impact of gluten-free diet on growth, metabolic control and quality of life in youth with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: A systematic review","volume":"191","author":"Mozzillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12823","article-title":"Silent coeliac disease is over-represented in children with type 1 diabetes and their siblings","volume":"104","author":"Hansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-016-0166-0","article-title":"Screening for coeliac disease in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Myths, facts and controversy","volume":"8","author":"Bakker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05953-0","article-title":"Children diagnosed with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes through public health screening have milder diabetes at clinical manifestation","volume":"66","author":"Hummel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf194","article-title":"Establishing Screening Programs for Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: Practical Guidance for Diabetes Care Providers","volume":"110","author":"Leichter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-018-1831-0","article-title":"Coeliac screening in a high-risk population: Paediatric type 1 diabetes-a review of current guidelines and practice","volume":"188","author":"Forde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5353-4","article-title":"Celiac Disease and Celiac Antibodies in DM1 Patients: When Are Screening and Biopsy Recommended?","volume":"64","author":"Slae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e286","article-title":"Coeliac disease in Type 1 diabetes from 1990 to 2009: Higher incidence in young children after longer diabetes duration","volume":"29","author":"Donaghue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5276.24.07573-6","article-title":"Pediatric screening for type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: The future is today in Italy","volume":"76","author":"Catassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0","article-title":"European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease","volume":"54","author":"Husby","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-303996","article-title":"Joint BSPGHAN and Coeliac UK guidelines for the diagnosis and management of coeliac disease in children","volume":"98","author":"Murch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002497","article-title":"European Society Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Guidelines for Diagnosing Coeliac Disease 2020","volume":"70","author":"Husby","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309754","article-title":"Coeliac screening in a Scottish cohort of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Is DQ typing the way forward?","volume":"101","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"567","article-title":"Role of HLA-DQ typing and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody titers in diagnosing celiac disease without duodenal biopsy in type 1 diabetes: A study of the population-based pediatric type 1 diabetes cohort of Western Australia","volume":"20","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315549","article-title":"Screening for coeliac disease in 1624 mainly asymptomatic children with type 1 diabetes: Is genotyping for coeliac-specific human leucocyte antigen the right approach?","volume":"104","author":"Binder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12332","article-title":"Predictors of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes and positive tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A","volume":"79","author":"Rutsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003620","article-title":"Correlation of Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies with the Mucosal Changes and IgA Status of Children with Celiac Disease","volume":"75","author":"Donat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0108","article-title":"Frequency of Celiac Disease and Spontaneous Normalization Rate of Celiac Serology in Children and Adolescent Patients with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Unal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"278","article-title":"Frequency and predictive factors for spontaneous normalization of anti-tissue transglutaminase-IgA serology among Saudi children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Assiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05701-w","article-title":"Early vs late histological confirmation of coeliac disease in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Kamrath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-2016-0","article-title":"Spontaneous normalization of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody levels is common in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"57","author":"Hojsak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00126-8","article-title":"Diabetes distress: The psychological burden of living with diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Poole","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.6.909","article-title":"Personal and family factors associated with quality of life in adolescents with diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Grey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-7560(199905\/06)15:3<205::AID-DMRR29>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Quality of life and diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Rubin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb02483.x","article-title":"Measuring self-reported, health-related, quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes using both generic and disease-specific instruments","volume":"92","author":"Graue","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.1.16","article-title":"Quality of life and suicide risk in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"50","author":"Pompili","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520119754","article-title":"Anxiety but not depression decreases in coeliac patients after one-year gluten-free diet: A longitudinal study","volume":"36","author":"Addolorato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2008.05.011","article-title":"Quality of life in celiac disease patients: Prospective analysis on the importance of clinical severity at diagnosis and the impact of treatment","volume":"41","author":"Nachman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-023-07912-6","article-title":"Maladaptive Food Attitudes and Behaviors in Individuals with Celiac Disease and Their Association with Quality of Life","volume":"68","author":"Gholmie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dochat, C., Afari, N., Satherley, R.M., Coburn, S., and McBeth, J.F. (2024). Celiac disease symptom profiles and their relationship to gluten-free diet adherence, mental health, and quality of life. BMC Gastroenterol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-03101-x"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03983.x","article-title":"Patient perceptions of the burden of coeliac disease and its treatment in the, U","volume":"29","author":"Whitaker","year":"2009","journal-title":"K.; Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.1999.00123.x","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus, coeliac disease, and lymphoma: A report of four cases","volume":"16","author":"Cronin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2012.04.020","article-title":"Risk of intestinal lymphoma in undiagnosed coeliac disease: Results from a registered population with different coeliac disease prevalence","volume":"44","author":"Elli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17867","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Cause-specific and all-cause mortality trends across different coeliac disease phenotypes","volume":"59","author":"Maimaris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161285","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/161285","article-title":"Celiac disease and pediatric type 1 diabetes: Diagnostic and treatment dilemmas","volume":"2010","author":"Sud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2025, July 14). Nice Quality Standard QS134 Coeliac Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/qs134."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2025, July 14). Nice Ng 20 Coeliac Disease: Recognition, Assessment and Management. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng20."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15429","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15429","article-title":"The top 10 priorities in adults living with type 1 diabetes in Ireland and the United Kingdom\u2014A James Lind Alliance priority setting partnership","volume":"41","author":"Newman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2025, July 14). Coeliac Disease NIHR JLA. Available online: https:\/\/www.jla.nihr.ac.uk\/priority-setting-partnerships\/coeliac-disease#tab-26601."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13445","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Other complications and associated conditions in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Elbarbary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/14\/5129\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:12:26Z","timestamp":1760033546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/14\/5129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14145129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14145129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]}}}