{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:58:14Z","timestamp":1783022294756,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"InnoHK initiative of the Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government"},{"name":"Johnson &amp; Johnson Vision"},{"name":"CooperVision Inc"},{"name":"Hoya Vision Care Canada"},{"name":"EssilorLuxottica Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Optometric Education Trust Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To determine how optometrists in Canada manage their pediatric myopia patients and to assess whether this has changed over time. Methods: In a retrospective chart review, records for children aged 6\u201310 years who had an eye exam between 2017 to 2021 were reviewed. Children were grouped by presenting refraction (myopes \u2264 \u22120.50 D or pre-myopes \u2264 +0.75 D). Up to five unique patients were selected for each age (6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) and initial visit year (2017 to 2021) for each group (myopes and pre-myopes), for a maximum of 250 files per practice. Demographic information, refraction, and recommended interventions were recorded. Logistic regression was used to model the likelihood of being prescribed a myopia control intervention based on patient and optometrist characteristics. Results: A total of 2905 patients (n = 1467 (50%) female) from 15 practices across Ontario, Canada, were included, accounting for 8546 visits. Optometrists predominantly prescribed single-vision spectacle correction as a first-line intervention for myopic children, although this declined from 98.2% in 2017 to 56.7% in 2023. The use of myopia control modalities increased from 1.8% to 43.3% over this same period. Optometrists began recommending myopia control at lower myopic refractive errors over time (\u22122.63 DS in 2017 vs and \u22121.49 DS in 2020). Myopia control spectacles were the most commonly prescribed intervention, despite the observation that optometrists are not hesitant to fit contact lenses in younger children. Optometrists who had been in practice longer were more likely to prescribe older forms of myopia control (e.g., bifocals\/progressives) than more recent graduates. Conclusions: While single-vision spectacle correction remains a primary approach for initial myopia management in Ontario, Canada, optometrists increasingly recommend myopia control and are initiating interventions earlier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T09:33:53Z","timestamp":1753090433000},"page":"5132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Myopia Management in Ontario, Canada"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3832-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy H. Y.","family":"Chow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 Columbia Street West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Eye & Vision Research, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Caffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Eye Care, Toronto, ON M4W 1A5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7282-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 Columbia Street West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Acs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Eye Care, Toronto, ON M4W 1A5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Di Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Eye Care, Toronto, ON M4W 1A5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Fromstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Shalu Pal & Associates, Toronto, ON M5S 2V1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Ramdass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eyeacademy.ca, 800 Southdown Rd Unit A2, Mississauga, ON L5J 2Y4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishakha","family":"Thakrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaughan Vision Centre, Toronto, ON L4K 0H2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalu","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Shalu Pal & Associates, Toronto, ON M5S 2V1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Zeidenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 Columbia Street West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 Columbia Street West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Eye & Vision Research, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Mi","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25983","article-title":"Myopia\u2014A 21st Century Public Health Issue","volume":"60","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. 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