{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:51:20Z","timestamp":1789512680334,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Providing long-term care for a person with Alzheimer\u2019s disease is associated with chronic stress and emotional overload. One of the key predictors of emotional burden is the amount of time devoted to caregiving, which intensifies the experienced stress. Additional risk factors include the stage of the illness, difficulties in the care recipient\u2019s activities of daily living, the caregiver\u2019s neglect of their own needs, and challenging behaviours exhibited by the person receiving care. Therefore, it is essential to identify the psychological protective resources of caregivers that can buffer the impact of stress. Background\/Objectives: The objective of the study was to explore the psychological mechanisms underlying the involvement of caregivers supporting individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. A moderated mediation model was employed, in which stress indirectly affects caregiver involvement through a sense of coherence, and the strength of this relationship is moderated by the amount of time devoted to caregiving. Methods: The bootstrapping method was applied using 5000 resamples within a 95% bias-corrected confidence interval. The analysis accounted for variables such as stress levels, sense of coherence, involvement in caregiving, duration of care, education, gender, age, and stage of the illness. Results: The sense of coherence mediated the relationship between stress and involvement in caring (B = 0.0063, SE = 0.0031, 95% CI [0.0012, 0.0135]), and this indirect effect was contingent upon the amount of time devoted to helping. The relationship between sense of coherence and involvement in caring was significant at the mean level (B = 0.005, SE = 0.002, 95% CI [0.0004, 0.0101]) and became stronger at high levels of time devoted to caring (+1 SD; B = 0.009, SE = 0.003, 95% CI [0.0030, 0.0148]). These results indicate that the positive association between sense of coherence and caregiver involvement increases with the amount of time spent caring. Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of strengthening caregivers\u2019 resilience resources\u2014such as a sense of coherence\u2014in preventing overload. The model may serve as a foundation for developing interventions aimed at supporting caregivers\u2019 mental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T09:33:53Z","timestamp":1753090433000},"page":"5134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Psychological Mechanisms of Caregiver Involvement in Caregiving for Individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Analysis of the Moderated Mediation Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9434-3084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"So\u0142tys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3784-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Wnuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.5.708","article-title":"Mental and behavioral disturbances in dementia: Findings from the Cache County study on memory in aging","volume":"157","author":"Lyketsos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lewis, W.M., and Haviland-Jones, J.M. (2005). Emocje a choroby somatyczne\u2014Przyczyny i wska\u017aniki podatno\u015bci na zachorowanie. Psychologia Emocji, Gda\u0144skie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Seligman, M.E.P., Walter, E.F., and Rosenhan, D.L. (2003). Psychopatologia, Zysk i S-ka."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Leszek, J. (2016). Choroba Alzheimera\u2014Wybrane Zagadnienia Biologiczne i Kliniczne, Wydawnictwo Continuo."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Grossberg, G.T., and Kamat, S.M. (2011). Choroba Alzheimera. Najnowsze Strategie Diagnostyczne i Terapeutyczne, Wydawnictwo MediSfera."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.304","article-title":"Caregiver burden: A clinical review","volume":"311","author":"Adelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.05.004","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of burden in caregivers of people with dementia","volume":"22","author":"Brodaty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"225","article-title":"\u201dSamoorganizowanie troski\u201d\u2014Opieka nad osob\u0105 z chorob\u0105 alzheimera w biografii opiekuna rodzinnego","volume":"22","author":"Szluz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zesz. Pr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"95","article-title":"Obci\u0105\u017cenie opiekun\u00f3w os\u00f3b z ot\u0119pieniem","volume":"54","author":"Opala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wiadomo\u015bci Lek."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2009.09.010","article-title":"Empirically Based Treatments for Family Caregiver Distress: What Works and Where Do We Go from Here?","volume":"30","author":"Coon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53111.x","article-title":"Risk factors for potentially harmful informal caregiver behavior","volume":"53","author":"Beach","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317507307787","article-title":"Evidence for grief as the major barrier faced by Alzheimer caregivers: A qualitative analysis","volume":"22","author":"Frank","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Other Dement."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2004.01274.x","article-title":"Factors related to feelings of burden among caregivers looking after impaired elderly in Japan under the Long\u2013Term Care insurance system","volume":"58","author":"Arai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.01.041","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptom clusters of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Hong Kong Chinese correlates with caregiver burden and depression","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4232","article-title":"Caregiver burden characterization in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease or vascular dementia","volume":"30","author":"Sancarlo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610215000460","article-title":"Multidimensional determinants of family caregiver burden in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/58.2.P112","article-title":"Association of stressors and uplifts of caregiving with caregiver burden and depressive mood: A meta\u2013analysis","volume":"58","author":"Pinquart","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.6.946","article-title":"Is caregiving hazardous to one\u2019s physical health? A meta\u2013analysis","volume":"129","author":"Vitaliano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2002.00594.x","article-title":"Ambivalence, family ties, and doing sociology","volume":"64","author":"Connidis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000357839","article-title":"The BEHAVE-AD Assessment System: A perspective, a commentary on new findings, and a historical review","volume":"38","author":"Reisberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr. Cogn. Discorders"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"\u015awi\u0119tochowski, W. (2010). System Rodzinny Wobec Przewlek\u0142ej Choroby Somatycznej: Gdy Rodzina ma Korzy\u015b\u0107 z Choroby, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu \u0141\u00f3dzkiego."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Piorunek, M., Kozielska, J., and Skowro\u0144ska-Pu\u0107ka, A. (2016). Senior w rodzinie. O dylematach opieki i potrzebie wsparcia. Rodzina\u2014M\u0142odzie\u017c\u2014Dziecko. Szkice z Teorii i Praktyki Pomocy Psychopedagogicznej i Socjalnej, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2011.05787.x","article-title":"Predictors of caregiver burden in caregivers of individuals with dementia","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000095760","article-title":"Impact on health\u2013related quality of life and perceived burden of informal caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.05.008","article-title":"Burden of care among caregivers of patients with Parkinson disease: A cross\u2013sectional study","volume":"113","author":"Razali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216310385604","article-title":"Living and coping with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Perceptions of informal carers","volume":"25","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Pilecka, W. (2011). Teoria stresu dzieci\u0119cego. Psychologia Zdrowia Dzieci i M\u0142odzie\u017cy, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiello\u0144skiego."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"S\u0119k, H., and Cie\u015blak, R. (2012). Wsparcie spo\u0142eczne\u2014Sposoby definiowania, rodzaje i \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a wsparcia, wybrane koncepcje teoretyczne. Wsparcie Spo\u0142eczne, Stres i Zdrowie, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"67","article-title":"Jako\u015b\u0107 \u017cycia opiekun\u00f3w pacjent\u00f3w z ot\u0119pieniem w chorobie Alzheimera","volume":"11","author":"Rachel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychogeriatria Pol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12090","article-title":"Concept Analysis: Alzheimer\u2019s Caregiver Stress","volume":"51","author":"Llanque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"20","article-title":"Caregiver burden in dementia care. Prevalence and health effects","volume":"3","author":"Volicer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Psychos. Ther. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Heszen, I. (2013). Psychologia Stresu, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Selye, H. (1960). Stres \u017bycia, PZWL."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livneh, H., and Martz, E. (2007). An introduction to coping theory and research. Coping with Chronic Illness and Disability Theoretical, Empirical, and Clinical Aspects, Springer Science and Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-48670-3_1"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Lazarus, R.S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, Springer."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2013.837148","article-title":"Relationship status and depressive symptoms among older co\u2013resident caregivers","volume":"18","author":"Litwin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"66","article-title":"Neuropsychologiczna charakterystyka wybranych zespo\u0142\u00f3w ot\u0119piennych","volume":"8","author":"Biechowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol. Przegl\u0105d Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.18.2.250","article-title":"Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: A meta\u2013analysis","volume":"18","author":"Pinquart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200509000-00008","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in family caregivers of people with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. The LASER\u2013AD study","volume":"13","author":"Mahoney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200405000-00002","article-title":"Family caregiving of persons with dementia: Prevalence, health effects, and support strategies","volume":"12","author":"Schulz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Cierpia\u0142kowska, L., and S\u0119k, H. (2016). Teoretyczne i metodologiczne podstawy psychologii klinicznej. Psychologia Kliniczna, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Antonovsky, A. (2005). Rozwik\u0142anie Tajemnicy Zdrowia. Jak Radzi\u0107 Sobie ze Stresem i nie Zachorowa\u0107?, Wydawnictwo Fundacji Instytutu Psychiatrii i Neurologii."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"S\u0119k, H., and Pasikowski, T. (2001). Kwestionariusz Poczucia Koherencji dla Doros\u0142ych (SOC\u201329). Zdrowie\u2014Stres\u2014Zasoby. O Znaczeniu Poczucia Koherencji dla Zdrowia, Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/11.1.11","article-title":"The salutogenic model as a theory to guide health promotion","volume":"11","author":"Antonovsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Childers, K.M. (2019). Sense of Coherence and Caregivers of Persons with Dementia. Behav. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9020014"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860903046487","article-title":"Caregiver depression is associated with a low sense of coherence and health\u2013related quality of life","volume":"13","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2007.02066.x","article-title":"The relationship between caregiver burden, caregivers\u2019 perceived health and their sense of coherence in caring for elders with dementia","volume":"17","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12050","article-title":"Is sense of coherence helpful in coping with caregiver burden for dementia?","volume":"14","author":"Matsushita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213000203","article-title":"Sense of coherence, burden, and affective symptoms in family carers of people with dementia","volume":"25","author":"Orgeta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90075-2","article-title":"Sense of coherence, coping and caregiver role overload","volume":"39","author":"Gallagher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/008124630603600307","article-title":"Caring for a spouse with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Stressors and strengths","volume":"36","author":"Potgieter","year":"2006","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, Freeman."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Basi\u0144ska, M.A. (2015). The Dual-Process Theory: New Approach to Coping Flexibility. Coping Flexibility with Stress in Health and in Disease, Wydawnictwo UKW."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/30.5.583","article-title":"Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures","volume":"30","author":"Pearlin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Plopa, M., and Makarowski, R. (2010). Kwestionariusz Poczucia Stresu, VIZJA PRESS & IT."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"435","article-title":"Kwestionariusz Oceny Zaanga\u017cowania (Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire)\u2014Charakterystyka, zastosowanie","volume":"43","author":"Kiejna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19087","article-title":"Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.08.002","article-title":"Sense of coherence, burden and mental health in caregiving: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"242","author":"Orgeta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000192492.88920.08","article-title":"Avoidant Coping Partially Mediates the Relationship between Patient Problem Behaviors and Depressive Symptoms in Spousal Alzheimer Caregivers","volume":"1","author":"Mausbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216312455729","article-title":"A 10-year literature review of family caregiving for motor neurone disease: Moving from caregiver burden studies to palliative care interventions","volume":"27","author":"Aoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"208","article-title":"Wybrane determinanty obci\u0105\u017cenia opiekun\u00f3w nieformalnych sprawuj\u0105cych opiek\u0119 nad osobami starszymi z deficytem sprawno\u015bci funkcjonalnej w warunkach domowych","volume":"27","author":"Bartoszek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000179504.87613.00","article-title":"Caregiver burden in mental illness: Review of measurement, findings and interventions in 2004\u20132005","volume":"18","author":"Schulze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301214563319","article-title":"Burden of care, social support, and sense of coherence in elderly caregivers living with individuals with symptoms of dementia","volume":"15","author":"Stensletten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324464","article-title":"Factors of importance to the caregiver burden experienced by family caregivers of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Dehlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"272","article-title":"Influence of Sense of Coherence on Caregiver Burden and Depressive Symptoms at 12 Months Poststroke","volume":"15","author":"Hinojosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2010.03.001","article-title":"Differential features of burden between spouse and adult-child caregivers of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An exploratory comparative design","volume":"47","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1267","article-title":"Predictors of high level of burden and distress in caregivers of demented patients: Results of an Italian multicenter study","volume":"20","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/34.1.29","article-title":"The influence of community-based services on the burden of spouses caring for their partners with dementia","volume":"34","author":"Sussman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"22","article-title":"Carers\u2019 burden in stroke and some associated factors in a south-eastern Nigerian population","volume":"28","author":"Akosile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hkpj.2013.11.003","article-title":"Quality of life and burden of informal caregivers of stroke survivors","volume":"32","author":"Ogunlana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hong Kong Physiother. J."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"D\u0119bska, G., Go\u017adzialska, A., and Ja\u015bkiewicz, J. (2012). Obci\u0105\u017cenie opiekun\u00f3w os\u00f3b z ot\u0119pieniem. Rodzina w Zdrowiu i w Chorobie. Wybrane Aspekty Opieki nad Przewlekle Chorym, Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Szl\u0105zak, M., Pi\u0142at, A., and Sarata, J. (2015). Opiekunowie Rodzinni os\u00f3b Starszych\u2014Problemy, Potrzeby, Wyzwania dla Polityki Spo\u0142ecznej. Raport z Badania, Regionalny O\u015brodek Polityki Spo\u0142ecznej w Krakowie."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Szczudlik, A. (2016). S\u0142owo wst\u0119pne do II wydania. Sytuacja os\u00f3b Chorych na Chorob\u0105 Alzheimera w Polsce. Raport RPO, Polskie Towarzystwo Alzheimerowskie."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/14\/5134\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:12:30Z","timestamp":1760033550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/14\/5134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14145134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14145134","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]}}}