{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:45:19Z","timestamp":1792507519191,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["17K08734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K08734"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20K07384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K07384"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["H28-NHO(TAKYO)-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H28-NHO(TAKYO)-2"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["H31-NHO(TAKYO)-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H31-NHO(TAKYO)-2"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["R4-NHO(TAKYO)-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R4-NHO(TAKYO)-1"]}]},{"name":"National Hospital Organization","award":["17K08734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K08734"]}]},{"name":"National Hospital Organization","award":["20K07384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K07384"]}]},{"name":"National Hospital Organization","award":["H28-NHO(TAKYO)-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H28-NHO(TAKYO)-2"]}]},{"name":"National Hospital Organization","award":["H31-NHO(TAKYO)-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H31-NHO(TAKYO)-2"]}]},{"name":"National Hospital Organization","award":["R4-NHO(TAKYO)-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R4-NHO(TAKYO)-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Individuals with immunosuppressive conditions are at a higher risk of developing malignancies than those in the general population. Immunosuppression weakens tumor immunity, hinders the detection of pro-oncogenic cells, and activates oncogenic viruses. Malignancies arising in immunosuppressed patients tend to be aggressive, have a high incidence of virus-associated cancers, and are reversible in some cases. Notably, immunosuppressive agents influence the frequency and type of malignancies, as well as their clinicopathological features. Organ transplant recipients receive long-term immunosuppressants to prevent acute rejection. Post-transplant malignancies vary depending on the type of drug administered before the onset of these diseases. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are treated with long-term immunosuppressive medications, such as methotrexate (MTX). MTX is widely recognized as being associated with a specific type of lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD), known as MTX-associated LPD. Our recent report indicated that the clinicopathological features of rheumatoid arthritis-associated lymphoproliferative disorder (RA-LPD) also vary based on the other anti-RA agents used, such as tacrolimus and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Therefore, the clinicopathological characteristics of post-transplant LPD and RA-LPD evolve alongside the changes in the immunosuppressants\/immunomodulators administered. Understanding the various characteristics and time trends of immunosuppressive neoplasms, particularly LPDs, in relation to different immunosuppressant\/immunomodulator medications is highly valuable in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T11:44:05Z","timestamp":1753098245000},"page":"5160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Immunosuppressants\/Immunomodulators and Malignancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Norishige","family":"Iizuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kishiwada City Hospital, Kishiwada 596-8501, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3166-9754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Hoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, NHO Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano 586-8521, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuko Tsujii","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Osaka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Allergology, NHO Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano 586-8521, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hotaka","family":"Shigyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Allergology, NHO Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano 586-8521, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Nishigaichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Allergology, NHO Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano 586-8521, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gensuke","family":"Okamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, NHO Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano 586-8521, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Ohshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Allergology, NHO Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano 586-8521, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1592","article-title":"Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"306","author":"Engels","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.04.025","article-title":"Immunosuppression, race, and donor-related risk factors affect de novo cancer incidence across solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"93","author":"Bhat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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