{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T04:24:28Z","timestamp":1794198268734,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr. Botond Berde-Foundation of the Freiwilligen Akademischen Gesellschaft Basel (Basel, Switzerland)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Longitudinal studies on cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) are scarce, and only one study has investigated the trajectory of CDS from childhood to early adulthood. Given this, the aims of the present study were to explore, with a quasi-longitudinal design, (1) whether scores for childhood CDS were associated with scores for CDS during early adulthood; (2) whether childhood CDS scores were associated with childhood and adult scores for depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia; (3) whether childhood CDS, depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia and adult depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia were independently associated with adult scores for CDS, and (4) whether childhood CDS scores were directly and indirectly associated with adult CDS scores via adult depression and stress in two conditional effect models. Methods: A total of 246 young adult students (mean age = 22.62; 56.3% females) participated in a cross-sectional and quasi-longitudinal study. The participants completed questionnaires assessing CDS (Adult Concentration Inventory; ACI), depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia for the following two developmental periods: for the present time point as young adults and for a past time point, when they were about eight years old. To enable retrospective past recall, the participants undertook a standardized imagination exercise. Results: Childhood scores for CDS, depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia were highly associated with adult scores for CDS, depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia. In the regression model, higher childhood scores for CDS, depression, and anxiety and higher adult scores for depression, stress, and insomnia, but not adult anxiety, were strongly and independently associated with adult scores for CDS. In the two conditional effects models, childhood CDS was associated with adult CDS directly and indirectly via adult depression and adult stress. Conclusions: In this quasi-longitudinal study, childhood scores for CDS were associated with adult scores for CDS, suggesting a potentially stable trajectory of CDS from childhood to early adulthood. Further, the two conditional effects models suggested that childhood and adult CDS were both directly and indirectly associated via adult depression and stress. As such, symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia should be considered in conceptualizations of adult CDS. Next, given that standardized psychotherapeutic interventions for depression, stress, and insomnia are available, such interventions might also favorably impact CDS symptoms. These findings further underscore the importance of prospective longitudinal and intervention studies on adult CDS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14145165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T13:59:11Z","timestamp":1753106351000},"page":"5165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cross-Sectional and Quasi-Longitudinal Examination of Childhood and Adult Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Insomnia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dena","family":"Sadeghi-Bahmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8948-5716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larina","family":"Eisenhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2166-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Mikoteit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Psychiatric Services of Solothurn, University of Basel, 4503 Solothurn, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Helfenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Science Section, Department of Sport and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4704-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette Beatrix","family":"Br\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1552-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"D\u00fcrsteler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Substance Use Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinics, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Bizimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Psychiatrie et Psychoth\u00e9rapie Les Toises, 1023 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9046-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2175-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Sport Science Section, Department of Sport and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Health Institute, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6714686698, Iran"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6714686698, Iran"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran"},{"name":"Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, Center of Competence of Disaster Medicine of the Swiss Armed Forces, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.07.821","article-title":"Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Becker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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