{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:11:52Z","timestamp":1790399512167,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) serving as a tool to measure injury severity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between GCS admission scores and various socio-demographic, clinical, injury-related, and hospital-related variables in patients with TBI across two tertiary care centers in Eastern Europe, a region that remains underrepresented in the literature. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from 119 TBI patients admitted between March 2020 and June 2023 at Cluj County Emergency Hospital (Romania) and Saint Vincent Hospital (Poland). GCS scores were analyzed as both categorical and continuous variables. Statistical analyses included Wilcoxon and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests for group comparisons and Spearman correlations for continuous variables. Results: Most patients included suffered a mild TBI (GCS score between 13 and 15). There were significant associations between GCS scores and post-traumatic amnesia (p &lt; 0.05), discharge status (p &lt; 0.01), discharge destination (p &lt; 0.01), and education level (p &lt; 0.01). GCS scores at admission were linked to survival, absence of post-traumatic amnesia, higher education levels, and home discharge. No significant differences observed across sex, residence, employment status, injury type, cause, or mechanism of injury. A weak but significant negative correlation was observed between GCS and length of hospital stay (rho = \u22120.229, p &gt; 0.05), while age showed a non-significant correlation. Conclusions: The GCS score at admission is significantly associated with various clinical and socio-demographic outcomes in TBI patients, supporting the utility of the GCS score as a prognostic tool. The predominance of mild cases and the absence of radiological data, such as cerebral contusions or epidural or subdural hematomas, limit the generalizability of the findings. Further studies with larger samples and comprehensive imaging data are necessary to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T13:35:28Z","timestamp":1753191328000},"page":"5195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Glasgow Coma Scale Score at Admission in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Multicenter Observational Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Iulia-Maria","family":"Vadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Grad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Strilciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Genomics, MEDFUTURE Institute for Biomedical Research, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Stefanescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Verisezan Rosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stroke and Neurology, Saint Vincent\u2019s Hospital, 81-348 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina Vasilica","family":"Blesneag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Neurology Clinic, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafin","family":"Muresanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Neurology Clinic, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0429","article-title":"Intramural Healthcare Consumption and Costs After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) Study","volume":"40","author":"Kaplan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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