{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:59:30Z","timestamp":1785880770280,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic relapsing and remitting inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as an FDA-approved treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs), with promising potential in patients with IBD. This manuscript aimed to provide a comprehensive and updated review of the available literature on fecal microbiota transplantation, its clinical use in IBD in general, as well as in patients with IBD and CDI. Methods: An extensive literature search was performed from October 2024 to March 2025. All publications available within PubMed, Medline, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases were reviewed. All original articles, case reports, review articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were included. Qualitative and quantitative data were both extracted. Discussion: Intestinal microbiota is an integral part of the human body, and dysbiosis (an imbalance in the gut\u2019s microbial community) has been linked with several pathologies. Dysbiosis in IBD is marked by reduced beneficial bacteria and increased pro-inflammatory pathogens, contributing to mucosal damage and immune dysregulation. FMT has emerged as a solution to dysbiosis, with the first case recorded in 1917. FMT has been successful in treating patients with CDI. The diagnostic value of the gut microbiome is currently being explored as a possible therapeutic approach to IBD. Several studies have assessed FMT in patients with IBD and CDI with promising results in both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) but varying efficacy based on administration routes, donor selection, and processing methods. In the context of recurrent CDI in patients with IBD, FMT demonstrates a high cure rate and potential benefit in concurrently improving IBD activity. However, risks such as IBD flare-ups post-FMT remain a concern. Conclusions: FMT holds promising potential in the management of CDI in patients with IBD. By restoring microbial diversity and correcting dysbiosis, FMT offers a novel, microbiota-targeted alternative to conventional therapies. While data support its efficacy in improving disease remission, variability in outcomes underscores the need for standardized protocols and additional large-scale, controlled studies. Continued research efforts into donor selection, treatment regimens, and long-term safety will be critical to optimizing FMT\u2019s role in IBD and CDI care as well as improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T08:13:31Z","timestamp":1753431211000},"page":"5260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intestinal Microbiota and Fecal Transplantation in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Clostridioides difficile: An Updated Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2346-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe","family":"Lahoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, New York, NY 10305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, New York, NY 10305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kalta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, New York, NY 10305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Dimachkie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, New York, NY 10305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"El Sayegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, New York, NY 10305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliane","family":"Deeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, New York, NY 10305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"McDowell, C., Farooq, U., and Haseeb, M. (2025, February 18). Inflammatory Bowel Disease, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470312\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74932-7_13","article-title":"Microbiome and Gut Dysbiosis","volume":"Volume 109","author":"Silvestre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolic Interaction in Infection"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12489-0","article-title":"Gut flora in health and disease","volume":"361","author":"Guarner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0271","article-title":"Effect of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Recurrence in Multiply Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Randomized Trial","volume":"165","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"501","article-title":"On the problem of oncogene of tumour viruses","volume":"19","author":"Mekler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127119","article-title":"Symbiotic Bacteria Direct Expression of an Intestinal Bactericidal Lectin","volume":"313","author":"Cash","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/ni888","article-title":"Angiogenins: A new class of microbicidal proteins involved in innate immunity","volume":"4","author":"Hooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033","article-title":"Induction of Intestinal Th17 Cells by Segmented Filamentous Bacteria","volume":"139","author":"Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease","volume":"90","author":"Sekirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The Human Microbiome Project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2010.03.020","article-title":"Programming infant gut microbiota: Influence of dietary and environmental factors","volume":"21","author":"Marques","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.23362","article-title":"The gut microbiota and mucosal homeostasis: Colonized at birth or at adulthood, does it matter?","volume":"4","author":"Hooiveld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad2571","article-title":"The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development","volume":"351","author":"Fuhrer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.398","article-title":"Association Between the Use of Antibiotics in the First Year of Life and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"105","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.251","article-title":"Should We Standardize the 1,700-Year-Old Fecal Microbiota Transplantation?","volume":"107","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1293224","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in metabolic syndrome: History, present and future","volume":"8","author":"Frissen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonnenborn, U. (2016). Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917\u2014From bench to bedside and back: History of a special Escherichia coli strain with probiotic properties. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 363.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnw212"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"178","article-title":"Pseudomembraneous enterocolitis: Mechanism for restoring floral homeostasis","volume":"47","author":"Bowden","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20377","article-title":"Clinical use of E. coli Nissle 1917 in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Schultz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Luccia, B., Mazzoli, A., Cigliano, L., Venditti, P., Walser, J.-C., Widmer, A., Baccigalupi, L., Ricca, E., and Iossa, S. (2015). Rescue of Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome by Antibiotics or Faecal Transplantation in a Rat Model of Obesity. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134893"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019645","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Atherosclerosis by Preventing Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in Apoe-\/- Mice","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.11.003","article-title":"The microbiome and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"145","author":"Glassner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70476-7","article-title":"Early lesions of recurrent Crohn\u2019s disease caused by infusion of intestinal contents in excluded ileum","volume":"114","author":"Geboes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huse, S.M., Young, V.B., Morrison, H.G., Antonopoulos, D.A., Kwon, J., Dalal, S., Arrieta, R., Hubert, N.A., Shen, L., and Vineis, J.H. (2014). Comparison of brush and biopsy sampling methods of the ileal pouch for assessment of mucosa-associated microbiota of human subjects. Microbiome, 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavelle, A., Lennon, G., Docherty, N., Balfe, A., Mulcahy, H., Doherty, G., O\u2032Donoghue, D., Hyland, J., Shanahan, K., and Coffey, J. (2013). Depth-Dependent Differences in Community Structure of the Human Colonic Microbiota in Health. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078835"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02446-21","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02446-21","article-title":"A Novel Approach toward Less Invasive Multiomics Gut Analyses: A Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"Berlinberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.1261708","article-title":"Stabilization of RNA during laser capture microdissection by performing experiments under argon atmosphere or using ethanol as a solvent in staining solutions","volume":"14","author":"Munnich","year":"2008","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0193-z","article-title":"Intestinal gases: Influence on gut disorders and the role of dietary manipulations","volume":"16","author":"Berean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelbary, M.M.H., Hatting, M., Bott, A., Dahlhausen, A., Keller, D., Trautwein, C., and Conrads, G. (2022). The oral-gut axis: Salivary and fecal microbiome dysbiosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1010853"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2024.148257","article-title":"Microbiome and its relevance to indigenous inflammatory bowel diseases in China","volume":"909","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, S.-B., Kim, H., Kim, S., Kim, J., Park, S.-K., Lee, C.-W., Kim, K.O., Seo, G.-S., Kim, M.S., and Cha, J.M. (2023). Potential Oral Microbial Markers for Differential Diagnosis of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Using Machine Learning Models. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071665"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bang, E., Oh, S., Ju, U., Chang, H.E., Hong, J.-S., Baek, H.J., Kim, K.-S., Lee, H.-J., and Park, K.U. (2023). Factors influencing oral microbiome analysis: From saliva sampling methods to next-generation sequencing platforms. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37246-2"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.E., Moon, H.S., Yong, D., Seo, H., Yang, J., Shin, T.-S., Kim, Y.K., Kim, J.R., Lee, Y.N., and Kim, Y.H. (2022). Microbial changes in stool, saliva, serum, and urine before and after anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10450-2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sendid, B., Frenais, M., Fradin, C., Herc\u00e9, S., Join-Lambert, O., Papon, N., Poirot, S., Brunel, L., Jouault, T., and Coste, A. (2021). A Pilot Clinical Study on Post-Operative Recurrence Provides Biological Clues for a Role of Candida Yeasts and Fluconazole in Crohn\u2019s Disease. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7050324"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802433231","article-title":"Diversity of mucosa-associated microbiota in active and inactive ulcerative colitis","volume":"44","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.005","article-title":"The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Gevers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients","volume":"105","author":"Sokol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa081","article-title":"Early Postoperative Endoscopic Recurrence in Crohn\u2019s Disease Is Characterised by Distinct Microbiota Recolonisation","volume":"14","author":"Machiels","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw136","article-title":"Microbial Factors Associated with Postoperative Crohn\u2019s Disease Recurrence","volume":"11","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"ECCOJC"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325971","article-title":"Role of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli in Crohn\u2019s disease: Lessons from the postoperative recurrence model","volume":"72","author":"Buisson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-318131","article-title":"Gut mucosal virome alterations in ulcerative colitis","volume":"68","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.008","article-title":"Expansion of Bacteriophages Is Linked to Aggravated Intestinal Inflammation and Colitis","volume":"25","author":"Gogokhia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328375","article-title":"Gut virome-colonising Orthohepadnavirus genus is associated with ulcerative colitis pathogenesis and induces intestinal inflammation in vivo","volume":"72","author":"Massimino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000441346.86827.ed","article-title":"Norovirus Triggered Microbiota-driven Mucosal Inflammation in Interleukin 10-deficient Mice","volume":"20","author":"Basic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02556-5","article-title":"Selection of cross-reactive T cells by commensal and food-derived yeasts drives cytotoxic TH1 cell responses in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Martini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.11.003","article-title":"Response to Fungal Dysbiosis by Gut-Resident CX3CR1+ Mononuclear Phagocytes Aggravates Allergic Airway Disease","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04502-w","article-title":"Immune regulation by fungal strain diversity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"603","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0919","article-title":"Debaryomyces is enriched in Crohn\u2019s disease intestinal tissue and impairs healing in mice","volume":"371","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.007","article-title":"Malassezia Is Associated with Crohn\u2019s Disease and Exacerbates Colitis in Mouse Models","volume":"25","author":"Limon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, M., Ding, H., Gong, S., Luo, Y., Lin, H., Mu, Y., Li, H., Li, X., and Zhong, M. (2023). Fungal dysbiosis facilitates inflammatory bowel disease by enhancing CD4+ T cell glutaminolysis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1140757"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03610-23","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03610-23","article-title":"Microsporidia persistence in host impairs epithelial barriers and increases chances of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"513","article-title":"Microsporidia: General characteristics, infections and laboratory diagnosis","volume":"39","author":"Sancak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol. Bul."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Siles, M., Enrich-Cabruja, J., Sabat-Mari, M., Duncan, S.H., Aldeguer, X., Garcia-Galan, C., Hernandez, C., Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, M., and Maneu-V\u00e1zquez, M. (2018). Alterations in the Abundance and Co-occurrence of Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the Colonic Mucosa of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Subjects. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00281"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.02.009","article-title":"Mucosa-associated Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Escherichia coli co-abundance can distinguish Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease phenotypes","volume":"304","author":"Aldeguer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221428","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2221428","article-title":"Microbial genes outperform species and SNVs as diagnostic markers for Crohn\u2019s disease on multicohort fecal metagenomes empowered by artificial intelligence","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00188-17","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00188-17","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Offers Universal Biomarkers across Ethnicity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis and Infliximab Response Prediction","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-022-00499-9","article-title":"The gut metagenomics and metabolomics signature in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117802","article-title":"Application of two-dimensional polymerase chain reaction to detect four types of microorganisms in feces for assisted diagnosis of IBD","volume":"555","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.149","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Relation to Inflammation","volume":"110","author":"Kolho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees, N.P., Shaheena, W., Quincec, C., Tselepisa, C., Horniblow, R., Sharma, N., Beggs, A., Iqbal, T., and Quraishi, M. (2022). Systematic review of donor and recipient predictive biomarkers of response to faecal microbiota transplantation in patients with ulcerative colitis. eBioMedicine, 81.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104088"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.049","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"157","author":"Pittayanon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae064","article-title":"Exploring the Predictive Value of Gut Microbiome Signatures for Therapy Intensification in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A 10-Year Follow-up Study","volume":"30","author":"Prins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Velazquez, D., Kidawi, S., Kraneveld, A., Tonda, A., Oberski, D., Garssen, J., and Lopez-Rincon, A. (2024). Methodology for biomarker discovery with reproducibility in microbiome data using machine learning. BMC Bioinform., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-024-05639-3"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, D.Y., Park, J.L., Yeo, M.K., Kang, S.B., Kim, J.M., Kim, J.S., and Kim, S.Y. (2023). Diagnosis of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis using the microbiome. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03084-5"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2022.100868","article-title":"A systematic review of microbiome-derived biomarkers for early colorectal cancer detection","volume":"36","author":"Sivov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassanzad, M., and Hajian-Tilaki, K. (2024). Methods of determining optimal cut-point of diagnostic biomarkers with application of clinical data in ROC analysis: An update review. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-024-02198-2"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12567","article-title":"Gut microbiota: Role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease","volume":"279","author":"Pickard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, C.G., Mills, R., Zhu, Q., Sauceda, C., Knight, R., Dulai, P., and Gonzalez, D. (2022). Location-specific signatures of Crohn\u2019s disease at a multi-omics scale. Microbiome, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01331-x"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2023.104204","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: History, procedure and regulatory considerations","volume":"52","author":"Thanush","year":"2023","journal-title":"La Presse M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, S., Wang, K.-S., Meng, H., Hou, X.-T., Xue, J.-C., Liu, B.-H., Cheng, W.-W., Li, J., Zhang, H.-M., and Nan, J.-X. (2023). The gut microbes in inflammatory bowel disease: Future novel target option for pharmacotherapy. Biomed. Pharmacother., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114893"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.98","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms of faecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Khoruts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Ishikawa, D., Ohkusa, T., Fukuda, S., and Nagahara, A. (2022). Hot topics on fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1068567"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04152-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04152-22","article-title":"Capsulized Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Induces Remission in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis by Gut Microbial Colonization and Metabolite Regulation","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tikunov, A.Y., Fedorets, V.A., Shrainer, E.V., Morozov, V.V., Bystrova, V.I., and Tikunova, N.V. (2023). Intestinal Microbiome Changes and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. JCM, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247702"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-021-01513-6","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of monotherapy with a single fresh fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent active ulcerative colitis: A prospective randomized pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284819836893","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284819836893","article-title":"Insights into the role of fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.001","article-title":"Specific Bacteria and Metabolites Associated with Response to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"156","author":"Paramsothy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00905-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00905-20","article-title":"Long-Term Bacterial and Fungal Dynamics following Oral Lyophilized Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Clostridioides difficile Infection","volume":"6","author":"Haifer","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1290757","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota, fecal microbiota transplantation, and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Weingarden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000131","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Inducing Remission in Crohn\u2019s Colitis and the Associated Changes in Fecal Microbial Profile","volume":"48","author":"Kao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.10.007","article-title":"A patient with severe Crohn\u2019s colitis responds to Faecal Microbiota Transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Gordon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(12)61356-0","article-title":"Sa1922 Pilot Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation in Refractory Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"142","author":"Vermeire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12727","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation through mid-gut for refractory C rohn\u2019s disease: Safety, feasibility, and efficacy trial results","volume":"30","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastro. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7213","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i41.7213","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for severe enterocolonic fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05751-y","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplant via Endoscopic Delivering Through Small Intestine and Colon: No Difference for Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokol, H., Landman, C., Seksik, P., Berard, L., Montil, M., Nion-Larmurier, I., Bourrier, A., Le Gall, G., Lalande, V., and De Rougemont, A. (2020). Fecal microbiota transplantation to maintain remission in Crohn\u2019s disease: A pilot randomized controlled study. Microbiome, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-0792-5"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.04.045","article-title":"Transient Flare of Ulcerative Colitis After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"11","author":"Watson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1163\/18762891-20230046","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and faecal microbiota transplantation can improve colitis in mice by affecting gut microbiota and metabolomics","volume":"14","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10732748221111296","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748221111296","article-title":"Tislelizumab: A Modified Anti-tumor Programmed Death Receptor 1 Antibody","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Control."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7787","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S215533","article-title":"Fruquintinib: A novel antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAR"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102315","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation plus tislelizumab and fruquintinib in refractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer: An open-label, single-arm, phase II trial (RENMIN-215)","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i11.1572","article-title":"Washed microbiota transplantation for Crohn\u2019s disease: A metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and metabolomic-based study","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13485","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13485","article-title":"Washed microbiota transplantation reduces glycemic variability in unstable diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000001025","article-title":"Comparison between washed microbiota transplantation and infliximab: Medical cost during long-term management in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Draper, L., Ryan, F., Dalmasso, M., Casey, P., McCann, A., Velayudhan, V., Ross, P., and Hill, C. (2020). Autochthonous fecal viral transfer (FVT) impacts the murine microbiome after antibiotic perturbation. BMC Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00906-0"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.010","article-title":"Efficacy of Sterile Fecal Filtrate Transfer for Treating Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"152","author":"Ott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320005","article-title":"Fecal virome transplantation decreases symptoms of type 2 diabetes and obesity in a murine model","volume":"69","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha, A., Li, Y., Mirzaei, M., Shamash, M., Samadfam, R., King, I.L., and Maurice, C.F. (2022). Transplantation of bacteriophages from ulcerative colitis patients shifts the gut bacteriome and exacerbates the severity of DSS colitis. Microbiome, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01275-2"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-023-01516-8","article-title":"Current perspectives on fecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2023.101606","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis: Addressing the manifestations, the role of fecal microbiota transplantation as a novel treatment option and other therapeutic updates","volume":"69","author":"Marsool","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis. A Mon."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2018.16.1.142","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in a patient with ulcerative colitis","volume":"16","author":"Nanki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"854","article-title":"Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis","volume":"44","author":"Eiseman","year":"1958","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.23571","article-title":"High-throughput DNA sequence analysis reveals stable engraftment of gut microbiota following transplantation of previously frozen fecal bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Hamilton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weingarden, A.R., and Vaughn, B.P. (2015). Dynamic changes in short- and long-term bacterial composition following fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Microbiome, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0070-0"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91183-5","article-title":"Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis by Implantation of Normal Colonic Flora","volume":"333","author":"Bennet","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"otaa067","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otaa067","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Ulcerative Colitis: An Evolving Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Sood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103033","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with concurrent ulcerative colitis","volume":"141","author":"Porcari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mintz, M., Khair, S., Grewal, S., LaComb, J.F., Park, J., Channer, B., Rajapakse, R., Bucobo, J.C., Buscaglia, J.M., and Monzur, F. (2018). Longitudinal microbiome analysis of single donor fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and\/or ulcerative colitis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190997"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa283","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Outcomes Following Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent C. difficile Infection","volume":"27","author":"Allegretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4580-4","article-title":"Outcomes of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"62","author":"Meighani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz299","article-title":"Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent C. difficile Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"26","author":"Tariq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S265520","article-title":"Treatment of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection Using Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Iranian Patients with Underlying Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"13","author":"Azimirad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994834","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1994834","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C. difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Experience of a large-volume European FMT center","volume":"13","author":"Ianiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.02.018","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Affects the Outcome of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"14","author":"Khoruts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv034","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent C. difficile Infection in a Patient with Chronic Refractory Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"9","author":"Aratari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002172","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"68","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1353848","article-title":"The risk of inflammatory bowel disease flares after fecal microbiota transplantation: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Qazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320260","article-title":"Australian consensus statements for the regulation, production and use of faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice","volume":"69","author":"Haifer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.05.10","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: Great potential with many challenges","volume":"4","author":"Kellermayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.12.028","article-title":"Commensal bacteria modulate the tumor microenvironment","volume":"380","author":"Poutahidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"(2025, May 01). FDA Approves First Orally Administered Fecal Microbiota Product for the Prevention of Recurrence of Clostridioides difficile Infection. 26 April 2023, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-orally-administered-fecal-microbiota-product-prevention-recurrence-clostridioides."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1080\/17460913.2024.2403892","article-title":"Fecal microbiota spores, live-brpk (VOWSTTM\/VOS) for prevention of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"19","author":"Berry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad448","article-title":"Prevalence of Comorbid Factors in Patients With Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection in ECOSPOR III, a Randomized Trial of an Oral Microbiota\u2013Based Therapeutic","volume":"77","author":"Berenson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.16476","article-title":"Extended Follow-up of Microbiome Therapeutic SER-109 Through 24 Weeks for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection in a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"328","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000908","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation is Safe and Efficacious for Recurrent or Refractory Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"22","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/15\/5260\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:15:48Z","timestamp":1760033748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/15\/5260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14155260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14155260","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]}}}