{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:41:21Z","timestamp":1793306481455,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of mortality in children from middle- to low-income countries; diagnosing CAP includes clinical evaluation, laboratory testing and pulmonary imaging. Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a sensitive, accessible, non-invasive, non-radiant method for accurately evaluating the lung involvement in acute diseases. Whether LUS findings can be correlated with CAP\u2019s severity or sepsis risk remains debatable. This study aimed to increase the importance of LUS in diagnosing and monitoring CAP. We analyzed 102 children aged 1 month up to 18 years, hospital admitted with CAP. Mean age was 5.71 \u00b1 4.85 years. Underweight was encountered in 44.11% of children, especially below 5 years, while overweight was encountered in 11.36% of older children and adolescents. Patients with CAP presented with fever (79.41%), cough (97.05%), tachypnea (18.62%), respiratory failure symptoms (20.58%), chest pain (12.74%) or poor feeding. Despite the fact that 21.56% had clinically occult CAP and six patients (5.88%) experienced radiologically occult pneumonia, CAP diagnosis was established based on anomalies detected using LUS. Conclusions: Detailed clinical examination with abnormal\/modified breath sounds and\/or tachypnea is suggestive of acute pneumonia. LUS is a sensitive diagnostic tool. A future perspective of including LUS in the diagnosis algorithm of CAP should be taken into consideration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T09:53:02Z","timestamp":1753696382000},"page":"5304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Can Lung Ultrasound Act as a Diagnosis and Monitoring Tool in Children with Community Acquired Pneumonia? Correlation with Risk Factors, Clinical Indicators and Biologic Results"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1478-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca","family":"Isac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, IIIrd Pediatric Clinic, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Hospital for Children \u201cLouis \u021aurcanu\u201d, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra-Monica","family":"Cugerian-Ratiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Hospital for Children \u201cLouis \u021aurcanu\u201d, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6831-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrada-Mara","family":"Micsescu-Olah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, IIIrd Pediatric Clinic, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Hospital for Children \u201cLouis \u021aurcanu\u201d, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Daniela","family":"Bodescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Hospital for Children \u201cLouis \u021aurcanu\u201d, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura-Adelina","family":"Vlad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Hospital for Children \u201cLouis \u021aurcanu\u201d, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca Mirela","family":"Zaroniu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Hospital for Children \u201cLouis \u021aurcanu\u201d, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9029-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Gafencu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, IIIrd Pediatric Clinic, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Hospital for Children \u201cLouis \u021aurcanu\u201d, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2277-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Doros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, IIIrd Pediatric Clinic, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Hospital for Children \u201cLouis \u021aurcanu\u201d, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3827-8","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in children\u2014A changing spectrum of disease","volume":"47","author":"Zar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2013 Collaboration (2016). Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study. JAMA Pediatr., 170, 267."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Plesca, D.A. (2021). Community acquired pneumonia. Tratat de Pediatrie, Medichub."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X12666180621163821","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"12","author":"Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciuca, I.M., Dediu, M., Marc, M.S., Lukic, M., Horhat, D.I., and Pop, L.L. (2021). Lung ultrasound is more sensitive for hospitalized consolidated pneumonia diagnosis compared to CXR in children. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8080659"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3944-4","article-title":"Guidelines for the use of chest radiographs in community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Andronikou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.06.011","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and monitoring of community acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"109","author":"Urbankowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S257180","article-title":"COVID-19 in children: An ample review","volume":"13","author":"Ciuca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24020","article-title":"Lung ultrasound compared to chest X-ray for diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia: A meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Balk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapediatrics.107","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children and young adults","volume":"167","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3910-1","article-title":"Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"47","author":"Stadler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-007-0754-3","article-title":"Ultrasound of the chest in children (mediastinum excluded)","volume":"18","author":"Riccabona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, F., Titolo, A., Ferrocino, M., Biagi, E., Dell\u2019Orto, V., Perrone, S., and Esposito, S. (2024). Lung Ultrasound in Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Narrative Review of the Last 10 Years. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14242793"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.08648","article-title":"Lung ultrasound score to predict outcomes in COVID-19","volume":"66","author":"Aso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003757","article-title":"Quantitative lung ultrasound: Technical aspects and clinical applications","volume":"134","author":"Mongodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-022-04117-z","article-title":"Point-of-care thoracic ultrasound in children with bronchiolitis","volume":"89","author":"Krishna","year":"2022","journal-title":"India. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e22460","article-title":"Lung ultrasonography beyond the diagnosis of pediatrics pneumonia","volume":"14","author":"Elabbas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023057","DOI":"10.4084\/MJHID.2023.057","article-title":"Diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of severe pneumonia by lung ultrasound score combined with serum inflammatory markers","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25760","article-title":"Pediatric pneumonia (PedPne) lung ultrasound score and inflammatory markers: A pilot study","volume":"57","author":"Ciuca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-3059","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in children, WFUMB review paper (part 2)","volume":"23","author":"Dietrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"339","article-title":"Ultrasound of the pleura in children, WFUMB review paper","volume":"23","author":"Jaworska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"100809","article-title":"Prognostic value of lung ultrasound and its link with inflammatory biomarkers in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"79","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2012.01.003","article-title":"The role of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"23","author":"Reissig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2024, December 20). Child and Teen BMI Calculator, 26 June 2024, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyweight\/assessing\/bmi\/childrens_bmi\/about_childrens_bmi.html."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2024, November 10). About Body Mass Index (BMI), 20 May 2024, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bmi\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006). WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"WHO Anthro for Personal Computers (2011). Software for Assessing Growth and Development of the World\u2019s Children, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62226-X","article-title":"Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: A systematic review of observational studies","volume":"377","author":"Fleming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"El Brihi, J., and Pathak, S. (2024). Normal and Abnormal Complete Blood Count with Differential, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andropoulos, D.B., and Gregory, G.A. (2020). Gregory\u2019s Pediatric Anesthesia, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371533"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"RC Team (2024, May 17). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2013. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Burnham, K.P., and Anderson, D.R. (2002). Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6973.170","article-title":"Multiple significance tests: The Bonferroni method","volume":"310","author":"Bland","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e078489","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078489","article-title":"Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia among children under 5 years in Suzhou, China: A hospital-based cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03235-z","article-title":"Etiology and the challenge of diagnostic testing of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Rueda","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702211014456","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure predicts residence in high-risk areas for community acquired pneumonia among hospitalized children","volume":"246","author":"Oyana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasundriya, S.K., Dhaneria, M., Mathur, A., and Pathak, A. (2020). Incidence and Risk Factors for Severe Pneumonia in Children Hospitalized with Pneumonia in Ujjain, India. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134637"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008143","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-008143","article-title":"Derivation and validation of a novel risk assessment tool to identify children aged 2\u201359 months at risk of hospitalized pneumonia-related mortality in 20 countries","volume":"7","author":"Rees","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07263-z","article-title":"Analysis of national surveillance of respiratory pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Roh","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"e67685","article-title":"Clinical, Biological, and Radiological Findings and Management of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in a Tertiary Hospital in Romania","volume":"16","author":"Stirbu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007411","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007411","article-title":"The impact of childhood malnutrition on mortality from pneumonia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Kirolos","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13211","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in children under 5 years of age in resource-poor settings: A case\u2013control study","volume":"24","author":"Ngocho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333794X16672528","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X16672528","article-title":"Factors Associated with Pneumonia Among Overweight and Obese Under-Five Children in an Urban Hospital of a Developing Country","volume":"3","author":"Shahunja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Pediatr. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_727_23","article-title":"Analysis of risk factor for pneumonia in children less than five years in Makassar","volume":"13","author":"Sidabutar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1067","article-title":"Evaluation of risk factors for severe pneumonia in children: The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health study","volume":"54","author":"Wonodi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.00339","article-title":"Risk factors for childhood pneumonia: A case-control study in a high prevalence area in Indonesia","volume":"64","author":"Sutriana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2025, January 02). Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhea by 2025: The integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241505239."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-10-48","article-title":"Difference of clinical features in childhood Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Youn","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.06.022","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children","volume":"102","author":"Defilippi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/02813430310000573","article-title":"Symptoms and signs of community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"21","author":"Ruuskanen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Prim. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001715","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001715","article-title":"Risk factors for death among children aged 5-14 years hospitalized with pneumonia: A retrospective cohort study in Kenya","volume":"4","author":"Macpherson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10002","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.10002","article-title":"A systematic review of the clinical features of pneumonia in children aged 5-9 years: Implications for guidelines and research","volume":"12","author":"Kevat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2022.01452","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in children: Updated perspectives on its etiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"67","author":"Yun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.27221","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the accuracy of lung ultrasound and chest radiography in diagnosing community acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2024.24015","article-title":"Can Complete Blood Count Parameters and Serum Electrolyte Levels Have a Predictive Role in Differential Diagnosis of Tuberculosis from Community-acquired Pneumonia in Children?","volume":"59","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk. Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-023-04628-3","article-title":"Childhood Pneumonia: What\u2019s Unchanged, and What\u2019s New?","volume":"90","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piab043","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic biomarkers for pediatric pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Gunaratnam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1086\/421997","article-title":"Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Simon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2025, January 05). World Health Organization. Standardization of Interpretation of Chest Radiographs for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Children\/World Health Organization Pneumonia Vaccine Trial Investigators\u2019 Group, 2001, Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/66956."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-021-00559-x","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging in COVID-19 pneumonia: A literature review","volume":"24","author":"Campagnano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.51253\/pafmj.v73i6.8785","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Children using Chest X-RAY as Gold Standard","volume":"73","author":"Sadiq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. Armed Forces Med. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-023-00313-w","article-title":"Lung ultrasound: Are we diagnosing too much?","volume":"15","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200598","article-title":"British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: Update 2011","volume":"66","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"17","article-title":"Pathological and Imaging Findings of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of Chest","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiol. Infect. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chelcea, R., Dediu, M., Dabica, D., Laitin, S.M.D., and Ciuca, I.M. (2024). Lung Ultrasound Efficacy in Monitoring Post-SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Pediatric Patients. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60081296"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4123","article-title":"Short-course vs long-course antibiotic therapy for children with nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, January 10). Revised WHO Classification and Treatment of Pneumonia in Children at Health Facilities: Evidence Summaries, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/137319\/9789241507813_eng.pdf."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/15\/5304\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:16:56Z","timestamp":1760033816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/15\/5304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14155304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14155304","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]}}}