{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:16:47Z","timestamp":1776273407727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Physical joint examination is fundamental in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) assessment. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy and agreement between standardized and non-standardized physical joint examinations in RA patients using musculoskeletal ultrasound as the reference standard. Methods: We assessed the joints for tenderness and swelling, calculating sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Musculoskeletal ultrasound was used as the reference standard, with adjustment for imperfect reference bias. Agreement between the methods was evaluated using the average kappa coefficient. Results: A total of 1496 joints were evaluated. Without adjustment for imperfect reference bias, standardized examination showed higher sensitivity for detecting pain and swelling than non-standardized examination. Specificity was similar for pain but higher for swelling in standardized examination. After bias adjustment, standardized examination sensitivity improved for pain (93.8% vs. 77.3%; 95% CI: 0.14\u20130.19) and swelling (91.9% vs. 60.0%; 95% CI: 0.29\u20130.34). Tenderness specificity remained comparable (standardized examination: 75.4%, non-standardized examination: 76.3%), while the non-standardized examination maintained superior swelling specificity (85.7% vs. 77.1%). Standardized joint examination demonstrated significantly higher concordance than non-standardized assessment in evaluating joint tenderness; standardized assessment yielded significantly greater average kappa coefficients under both false-positive-prioritized (0.44 vs. 0.37; p = 0.01) and false-negative-prioritized scenarios (0.59 vs. 0.45; p &lt; 0.0001). For joint swelling, standardized evaluation showed significantly higher concordance when false negatives were considered more critical (0.59 vs. 0.37; p &lt; 0.0001), whereas differences under false-positive prioritization were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Standardization of the physical joint examination significantly improves diagnostic accuracy and agreement in detecting joint tenderness and swelling in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Implementing a standardized physical examination protocol may enhance disease activity diagnosis and optimize clinical management of RA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T08:00:41Z","timestamp":1753776041000},"page":"5334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic Accuracy and Concordance of Standardized vs. Non-Standardized Joint Physical Examination for Assessing Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Paired Comparison Using Ultrasound as Reference Standard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1255-6703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yimy F.","family":"Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3885-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin A.","family":"Rond\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01525-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"402","author":"Bathon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27405","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis\u2014A population-based study","volume":"62","author":"Bongartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"S295","article-title":"Overview of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Gibofsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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