{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:03:51Z","timestamp":1789592631561,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressant, is increasingly used topically in ophthalmology, particularly for conditions like vernal keratoconjunctivitis and post-keratoplasty rejection prophylaxis. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus in these ocular conditions. Methods: A thorough search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Library for relevant studies published up to 16 March 2025. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were randomized controlled trials investigating topical tacrolimus in human ocular disease, were published in English, and reported clearly defined outcomes. Exclusion criteria included non-randomized studies, animal studies, systemic treatments, non-English publications, and studies lacking clearly reported outcomes. Data regarding study design, patient demographics, intervention details, and outcomes were extracted and analyzed. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2.0) was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: A total of 10 studies met the inclusion criteria, were retrieved, and were categorized as not highly biased after the risk-of-bias assessment. These studies were included in the systematic review, where a qualitative analysis took place. Our analysis revealed that the topical use of tacrolimus showed promising results, as it improved clinical signs and symptoms in most patients. In half of the studies, tacrolimus demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the control group, while in the remaining studies, it showed equivalent efficacy. Adverse effects, such as a burning sensation, were noted in 7\/10 studies but were generally mild. The methodologies were somewhat heterogeneous, and some studies had small sample sizes. Conclusions: Topical tacrolimus shows promising effects in managing various ocular surface diseases. While randomized controlled trials provide evidence, further research with larger sample sizes is necessary to solidify its efficacy and safety profile compared to other immunosuppressants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1753784734000},"page":"5347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Topical Use of Tacrolimus in Corneal and Ocular Surface Pathologies: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Katonis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Master Program \u201cOcular Surgery\u201d, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3172-8542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Argyrios","family":"Tzamalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Master Program \u201cOcular Surgery\u201d, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9189-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Tsinopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Master Program \u201cOcular Surgery\u201d, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Ziakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Master Program \u201cOcular Surgery\u201d, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.40.1249","article-title":"FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. 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