{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:55:08Z","timestamp":1792090508025,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babes University Of Medicine And Pharmacy Timisoara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The electrical ventricular storm (VES) is defined as multiple sustained ventricular arrhythmias arising in a short time, often refractory to standard antiarrhythmic treatment. The three pillars of the physiopathogenesis of the VES are autonomic dysfunction, triggers, and an altered ventricular substrate. Incessant or highly recurrent ventricular arrhythmia impacts the hemodynamic status by worsening heart failure and increasing mortality. A stepwise, team-based, and tailored therapeutic approach is required to stop ventricular arrhythmia and regain the hemodynamic and electric stability of the patient. The authors focused on describing all currently available therapeutic approaches for VES, intending to establish the best VES therapeutic approaches. This process involves considering the patient\u2019s specific condition, responses to previous treatments, and the potential risks and benefits of each approach. The options range from adjusting antiarrhythmic therapy to reprogramming of the ICD, sedation, epidural anaesthesia, stellate ganglia anaesthetic block, and the use of ECMO or left ventricular assist devices and radiofrequency catheter ablation. Particular attention is paid to the detailed management of genetic primary arrhythmia syndromes like long-QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Brugada syndrome and Wolff\u2013Parkinson\u2013White syndrome, early repolarisation syndrome, right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia, and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. After overcoming the acute events of VES and obtaining hemodynamic stability, the treatment should shift toward an optimal balance of heart failure therapy, controlling the substrate by revascularisation procedures and resolving other pathology-generating ventricular arrhythmias. This article provides a comprehensive overview of ESV\u2019s current management options using the most efficient strategies known to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T12:39:29Z","timestamp":1753792769000},"page":"5351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of a Mechanism-Based Ventricular Electrical Storm Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9838-744X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina Gabriela","family":"Negru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology II Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Rocordis Heart Center, 300278 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timi\u0219oara, Clinic of Cardiology, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0135-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Carina","family":"Iovanovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0600-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Lascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Department III of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Department VI Cardiovascular Surgery, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timi\u0219oara, Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-311X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru Silviu","family":"Pescariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology II Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timi\u0219oara, Clinic of Cardiology, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7352-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Cismaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation Cluj, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simina","family":"Cri\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology II Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timi\u0219oara, Clinic of Cardiology, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0218tefan","family":"Ailoaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGr. 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