{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T04:46:53Z","timestamp":1775796413008,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease (CFLD) is a significant complication in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), contributing to morbidity and mortality, with no universally accepted, reliable, non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection. Current diagnostic methods, including liver biopsy and imaging, remain resource-intensive and invasive. Non-invasive biomarkers like the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index have shown promise in diagnosing liver fibrosis in various chronic liver diseases. This study explores the potential of the FIB-4 index to predict CFLD in an adult CF population and assesses its correlation with transient elastography (TE) as a potential diagnostic tool. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the FIB-4 index for CFLD in adults with CF and investigate its relationship with TE-based liver stiffness measurements (LSM). Methods: The study was conducted in a regional cystic fibrosis unit, including 261 adult CF patients. FIB-4 scores were calculated using an online tool (mdcalc.com) based on patient age, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and platelet count. In parallel, 29 patients underwent liver stiffness measurement using TE (Fibroscan\u00ae). Statistical analyses included non-parametric tests for group comparisons and Pearson\u2019s correlation to assess the relationship between FIB-4 scores and TE results. Results: The mean FIB-4 score in patients diagnosed with CFLD was higher (0.99 \u00b1 0.83) compared to those without CFLD (0.64 \u00b1 0.38), although the difference was not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). TE results for CFLD patients (5.9 kPa) also did not show a significant difference compared to non-CFLD patients (4.2 \u00b1 1.6 kPa, p &gt; 0.05). However, a positive correlation (r = 0.401, p = 0.031) was found between FIB-4 scores and TE-based LSM, suggesting a potential complementary diagnostic role. Conclusions: The FIB-4 index, while not sufficient as a standalone diagnostic tool for CFLD in adults with CF, demonstrates potential when used in conjunction with other diagnostic methods like TE. This study introduces a novel approach for integrating non-invasive diagnostic markers in CF care, offering a pathway for future clinical practice. The combination of FIB-4 and TE could serve as an accessible, cost-effective alternative to invasive diagnostic techniques, improving early diagnosis and management of CFLD in the CF population. Additionally, future research should explore the integration of these tools with emerging biomarkers and clinical features to refine diagnostic algorithms for CFLD, potentially reducing reliance on liver biopsies and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T07:49:58Z","timestamp":1754380198000},"page":"5404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating the Diagnostic Potential of the FIB-4 Index for Cystic Fibrosis-Associated Liver Disease in Adults: A Comparison with Transient Elastography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Ireland Regional Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kingston","family":"Rajiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2651-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Courtenay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9050-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nermeen","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abuelhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2022.01.009","article-title":"Worldwide Rates of Diagnosis and Effective Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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