{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:25Z","timestamp":1760060125503,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["FIS-PI21\/01244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS-PI21\/01244"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To determine reference values of liver stiffness during the first week of extrauterine life in healthy newborns, according to gestational age, sex, and birth weight, using three elastography techniques: point shear wave elastography (pSWE) and two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) with convex and linear probes. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted at a single center on a hospital-based cohort of 287 newborns between 24 and 42 weeks of gestation, admitted between January 2023 and May 2024. Cases with liver disease, significant neonatal morbidity, or technically invalid studies were excluded. Hepatic elastography was performed during the first week of life using pSWE and 2D-SWE with both convex and linear probes. Clinical and technical neonatal variables were recorded. Liver stiffness values were analyzed in relation to gestational age, birth weight, and sex. Linear regression models were applied to assess associations, considering p-values &lt; 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: After applying exclusion criteria, valid liver stiffness measurements were obtained in 208 cases with pSWE, 224 with 2D-SWE (convex probe), and 222 with 2D-SWE (linear probe). A statistically significant inverse association between liver stiffness and gestational age (p &lt; 0.03) was observed across all techniques except for 2D-SWE with the linear probe. Only 2D-SWE with the convex probe showed a significant association with birth weight. No significant differences were observed based on neonatal sex. The 2D-SWE technique with the convex probe demonstrated significantly shorter examination times compared to pSWE (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Neonatal liver stiffness measured by pSWE and 2D-SWE with a convex probe shows an inverse correlation with gestational age, potentially reflecting the structural and functional maturation of the liver. These techniques are safe, reliable, and provide useful information for distinguishing normal findings in preterm neonates from early hepatic pathology. The values obtained represent a valuable reference for clinical hepatic assessment in the neonatal period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T07:49:58Z","timestamp":1754380198000},"page":"5418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reference Values for Liver Stiffness in Newborns by Gestational Age, Sex, and Weight Using Three Different Elastography Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9439-1951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Lancharro Zapata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Department, Paediatric Radiology Section, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6377-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Aguado del Hoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Department, Paediatric Radiology Section, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"S\u00e1nchez G\u00f3mez de Orgaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Public and Maternal-Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"del Pilar Pintado Recarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Public and Maternal-Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6906-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perceval","family":"Velosillo Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5585-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Mar\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Department, Paediatric Radiology Section, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Ru\u00edz Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Department, Paediatric Radiology Section, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9543-7392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Sanchez-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Public and Maternal-Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2588-1708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"},{"name":"Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Coral","family":"Bravo Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Public and Maternal-Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6320-2668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Le\u00f3n Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Infant Research Unit Alonso Family Foundation (UDIMIFFA), Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Public and Maternal-Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Siegel, M.J. 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