{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:50:23Z","timestamp":1790869823893,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related respiratory disorder characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway, typically resulting in a decrease in arterial oxygen saturation and repeated awakenings from sleep. It is the most common sleep-related respiratory disorder, affecting 9% to 38% of adults. OSA is associated with loss of tone, improper contraction of the tongue, and pharyngeal dilator muscles of the upper airway during sleep. The gold-standard treatment for moderate-to-severe OSA is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, many patients have poor long-term compliance with CPAP. Stimulation of the upper airway with electrical activation of the hypoglossal nerve has emerged as a promising treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe OSA who have failed CPAP therapy. Objectives: The present paper aims to review the literature regarding neurostimulation for the treatment of OSA. Conclusions: Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) has shown favorable success and low morbidity in the management of moderate-to-severe OSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T08:46:55Z","timestamp":1754383615000},"page":"5494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Review of Neurostimulation Therapies for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia dos Santos","family":"C\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, University Hospital Polydoro Ernani de S\u00e3o Thiago, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88036-800, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3307-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eduarda Schiestl","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88036-800, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0864-0886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan Alves","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88036-800, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Eden","family":"Ridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9315-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomaz","family":"Fleury Curado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1743286","article-title":"Upper Airway Stimulation in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Long-Term Surgical Success, Respiratory Outcomes, and Patient Experience","volume":"27","author":"Veugen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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