{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T19:01:02Z","timestamp":1767034862238,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Feigning spectrum behavior (FSB) is the exaggeration, fabrication, or false imputation of symptoms. It occurs in compensable injury with great cost to society by way of loss of productivity and excessive costs. The aim of this study is to identify feigning by developing cut scores on the long and short forms (SF) of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire (OMPSQ and OMPSQ-SF) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS and PSS-4). Methods: As part of pre-screening for a support program, 40 injured workers who had been certified unfit for work for more than 2 weeks were screened once with the OMPSQ and PSS by telephone by a mental health professional. A control sample comprised of 40 non-injured community members were screened by a mental health professional on four occasions under different aliases, twice responding genuinely and twice simulating an injury. Results: Differences between the workplace injured people and the community sample were compared using ANCOVA with age and gender as covariates, and then receiver operator characteristics (ROCs) were calculated. The OMPSQ and OMPSQ-SF discriminated (\u03c1 &lt; 0.001) between all conditions. All measures discriminated between the simulation condition and workplace injured people (\u03c1 &lt; 0.001). Intraclass correlation demonstrated the PSS, PSS-4, OMPSQ, and OMPSQ-SF were reliable (\u03c1 &lt; 0.001). Area Under the Curve (AUC) was 0.750 for OMPSQ and 0.835 for OMPSQ-SF for work-injured versus simulators. Conclusions: The measures discriminated between injured and non-injured people and non-injured people instructed to simulate injury. Non-injured simulators produced similar scores when they had multiple exposures to the test materials, showing the uniformity of feigning spectrum behavior on these measures. The OMPSQ-SF has adequate discriminant validity and sensitivity to feigning spectrum behavior, making it optimal for telephone screening in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T13:44:32Z","timestamp":1754401472000},"page":"5504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of Cut Scores for Feigning Spectrum Behavior on the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale: A Simulation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5324-0444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Edward","family":"McMahon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7647-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0147-047X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian Douglas","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WorkSafe Victoria (2009). Clinical Framework for the Delivery of Health Services, Comcare."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E494","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817ba3bb","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Predictive Ability of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire","volume":"33","author":"Hockings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E272","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001773","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Persistent Leg-Pain in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Sciatica","volume":"42","author":"Fjeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Deloitte Access Economics (2022, June 30). The Cost of Pain in Australia. Available online: www.deloitte.com\/au\/en\/pages\/economics\/articles\/cost-pain-australia.html."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1094.8379","article-title":"Base Rates of Malingering and Symptom Exaggeration","volume":"24","author":"Mittenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"16","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic as catalyst for Telemedicine adoption: A single-center experience","volume":"1","author":"Malhorta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telemed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaei, N. (2024). Psychology, Law, Ethics, Telehealth, and the Global pandemic. Integrated Science of Global Epidemics, Springer. Integrated Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17778-1"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"169","article-title":"Performance validity testing via telehealth and failure rate in veterans with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury: A veterans affairs TBI model systems study1","volume":"49","author":"Kanser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.1.7","article-title":"Money matters: A meta-analytic review of effects of financial incentives on recovery after closed-head injury","volume":"153","author":"Binder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000276","article-title":"The psychosocial context of financial stress: Implications for inflammation and psychological health","volume":"78","author":"Sturgeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200303000-00002","article-title":"Early identification of patients at risk of developing a persistent back problem: The predictive validity of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire","volume":"19","author":"Linton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2007.10.007","article-title":"Do psychosocial factors predict disability and health at a 3-year follow-up for patients with non-acute musculoskeletal pain? A validation of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire","volume":"12","author":"Westman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Spacapan, S., and Oskamp, S. (1988). Perceived Stress in a Probability Sample of the United States. The Social Psychology of Health, Sage."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.22.6.638","article-title":"Relationships Between Perceived Stress and Health Behaviours in a Sample of Working Adults","volume":"22","author":"Ng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-014-0157-5","article-title":"Spanish version of the screening Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire: A cross-cultural adaptation and validation","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-015-0998-3","article-title":"Orebro Questionnaire: Short and long forms of the Brazilian-Portuguese version","volume":"24","author":"Fagundes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2017.11.4.520","article-title":"Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"Shafeei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000208243.33498.cb","article-title":"Screening for yellow flag in first-time acute low back pain; reliability and validity of a Norwegian version of the Acute Low Back Pain Screening Questionnaire","volume":"22","author":"Gortle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-016-9689-3","article-title":"Reliability, Construct and Predictive Validity of the Hong Kong Chinese Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0875-9","article-title":"The German Version of the Perceived Stress Scale-Psychometric characteristics in a representative German community sample","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600006004","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a European Spanish Version of the Perceived Stress Scale","volume":"9","author":"Remor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, W., Bian, Q., Wang, W., Wu, X., Wang, Z., and Zhao, M. (2019). Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale 10: A psychometric study in Chinese university students. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189543"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e22","article-title":"Potential unintended Effects of Standardized Pain Questionnaires: A Qualitive Study","volume":"2","author":"Hodges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f8f775","article-title":"Development of a Short Form of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire","volume":"36","author":"Linton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105313508346","article-title":"New, normative, English-sample data for the Short Form Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4)","volume":"18","author":"Warttig","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, G. (2014). Malingering, Feigning, and Response Bias in Psychiatric\/Psychological Injury: Implications for Practice and Court. International Library of Ethics, Law and New Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7899-3"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Rogers, R. (2018). Clinical Assessment of Malingering and Deception, Guilford Publications. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.12.2.158","article-title":"Detection of coached general malingering on the MMPI-2","volume":"12","author":"Storm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp073","article-title":"Examination of the MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) Validity scales in civil forensic settings: Findings from simulation and Known Group Samples","volume":"24","author":"Wygant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7801_05","article-title":"The predictive capacity of the MMPI-2 and PAI validity scales and indexes to detect coached and uncoached feigning","volume":"78","author":"Bagby","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040902828272","article-title":"Detecting Malingered Pain-Related Disability: Classification Accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering","volume":"23","author":"Greve","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"134","article-title":"A brief assessment instrument designed to detect malingered memory deficits","volume":"6","author":"Iverson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A Power Primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioural, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199809000-00007","article-title":"Can we screen for problematic back pain? A screening questionnaire for predicting outcome in acute and subacute back pain","volume":"3","author":"Linton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.1.40","article-title":"Misunderstanding Analysis of Covariance","volume":"110","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1191\/0962280204sm365ra","article-title":"Sample size requirements for the design of reliability study: Review and new results","volume":"13","author":"Shoukri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1375\/pplt.2004.11.2.197","article-title":"Getting Caught in Court: Base Rates for Malingering in Australasian Litigants","volume":"11","author":"Clifford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Psychol. Law"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00734-6","article-title":"Racial and Gender Disparities in Diagnosis of Malingering in Clinical Settings","volume":"7","author":"Udoetuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"211","article-title":"Gender and Malingering in Defendants Deemed Incompetent to Stand Trial","volume":"49","author":"McDermott","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2370020110","article-title":"Correlates of Malingering","volume":"2","author":"Sierles","year":"1984","journal-title":"Behav. Sci. Law"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Brennan, A.M. (2004). Are we Honestly Studying Malingering? A Profile and Comparison of Simulated Suspected Malingerers. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Louisianna State University]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.17.2.255.16502","article-title":"Specificity of malingering detection strategies in older adults using the CVLT and WCST","volume":"17","author":"Ashendorf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"26","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of rates of malingering in a a forensic psychiatry practice","volume":"53","author":"Svete","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/15\/5504\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:23:30Z","timestamp":1760034210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/15\/5504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14155504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14155504","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]}}}