{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:09:08Z","timestamp":1787612948934,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the aetiology of IBD remains largely unknown, several studies suggest that an individual\u2019s genetic susceptibility, external environmental factors, intestinal microbial flora, and immune responses are all factors involved in and functionally linked to the pathogenesis of IBD. Beyond the gastrointestinal manifestations, IBD patients frequently suffer from psychiatric comorbidities, particularly depression and anxiety. It remains unclear whether these disorders arise solely from reduced quality of life or whether they share overlapping biological mechanisms with IBD. This review aims to explore the bidirectional relationship between IBD and depressive disorders (DDs), with a focus on four key shared mechanisms: immune dysregulation, genetic susceptibility, alterations in gut microbiota composition, and dysfunction of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis. By examining recent literature, we highlight how these interconnected systems may contribute to both intestinal inflammation and mood disturbances. Furthermore, we discuss the reciprocal pharmacologic interactions between IBD and DDs: treatments for IBD, such as TNF-alpha and integrin inhibitors, have demonstrated effects on mood and anxiety symptoms, while certain antidepressants appear to exert independent anti-inflammatory properties, potentially reducing the risk or severity of IBD. Overall, this review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the care of IBD patients, integrating psychological and gastroenterological assessment. A better understanding of the shared pathophysiology may help refine therapeutic strategies and support the development of personalized, gut\u2013brain-targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T14:23:19Z","timestamp":1754403799000},"page":"5522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Interplay Between Depression and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Shared Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Reciprocal Therapeutic Impacts\u2014A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amalia","family":"Di Petrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4508-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnese","family":"Favale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Onali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2547-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09134 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5955-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Abbracciavento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, \u201cA.Cao\u201d Paediatric Hospital, 09121 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2870-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo Claudio","family":"Fantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30333-4","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Alatab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. 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