{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:29:11Z","timestamp":1789662551887,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503-1-138-01-503-51-001-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503-1-138-01-503-51-001-17"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503-1-138-01-503-51-001-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503-1-138-01-503-51-001-18"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503-1-138-01-503-51-001-19-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503-1-138-01-503-51-001-19-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Orbital reconstruction remains one of the most demanding procedures in maxillofacial surgery. It requires not only precise anatomical knowledge but also poses multiple intraoperative challenges. Limited surgical visibility\u2014especially in transconjunctival or transcaruncular approaches\u2014demands exceptional precision from the surgeon. At the same time, the complex anatomical structure of the orbit, its rich vascularization and innervation, and the risk of severe postoperative complications\u2014such as diplopia, sensory deficits, impaired ocular mobility, or in the most serious cases, post-traumatic blindness due to nerve injury or orbital compartment syndrome\u2014necessitate the highest level of surgical accuracy. In this context, patient-specific implants (PSIs), commonly fabricated from zirconium oxide or ultra-high-density polyethylene, have become invaluable. Within CAD-based reconstructive planning, especially for orbital implants, critical factors include the implant\u2019s anatomical fit, passive stabilization on intact bony structures, and non-interference with orbital soft tissues. Above all, precise replication of the orbital dimensions is essential for optimal clinical outcomes. This study compares the morphological accuracy of orbital structures based on anthropometric measurements from 3D models generated from fan-beam computed tomography (FBCT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A cohort group of 500 Caucasian patients aged 8 to 88 years was analyzed. 3D models of the orbits were generated from FBCT and CBCT scans. Anthropometric measurements were taken to evaluate the morphological accuracy of the orbital structures. The assessed parameters included orbital depth, orbital width, the distance from the infraorbital rim to the infraorbital foramen, the distance between the piriform aperture and the infraorbital foramen, and the distance from the zygomatico-orbital foramen to the infraorbital rim. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between virtual models derived from FBCT and those based on CBCT in several key parameters. Discrepancies were particularly evident in measurements of orbital depth, orbital width, the distance from the infraorbital rim to the infraorbital foramen, the distance between the piriform aperture and the infraorbital foramen, and the distance from the zygomatico-orbital foramen to the infraorbital rim. Conclusions: The statistically significant discrepancies in selected orbital dimensions\u2014particularly in regions of so-called thin bone\u2014demonstrate that FBCT remains the gold standard in the planning and design of CAD\/CAM patient-specific orbital implants. Despite its advantages, including greater accessibility and lower radiation dose, CBCT shows limited reliability in the context of orbital and infraorbital reconstruction planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T13:25:11Z","timestamp":1754486711000},"page":"5541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Orbital Morphology Accuracy in 3D Models Based on Cone-Beam and Fan-Beam Computed Tomography Scans for Reconstructive Planning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6619-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Bielecka-Kowalska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Mucosal and Periodontal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Bielecki-Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 \u017beromskiego St., 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9200-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Kozakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 \u017beromskiego St., 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"468727","article-title":"Microsurgical Anatomy of the Orbit: The Rule of Seven","volume":"2011","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anat. 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