{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:34:40Z","timestamp":1760060080691,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Paratubal cysts (PTCs) are embryological remnants and are potentially hormonally responsive. Since hyperandrogenism (HA) is representative of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), we examined whether biochemical hyperandrogenism is associated with PTCs in women with PCOS and if body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance (IR) mediate this association. Methods: This retrospective study included 577 women diagnosed with PCOS at a tertiary academic center from 2010 to 2018. Clinical data included age at diagnosis, BMI, and diagnoses of hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome. Laboratory measures included total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone, luteinizing hormone, fasting glucose, insulin, and triglycerides (TG). Derived indices included a free androgen index (FAI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio. PTCs were identified through imaging or surgical findings. Structural equation modeling (SEM) assessed direct and indirect relationships between FAI, BMI, HOMA-IR, and PTCs, while adjusting for diagnostic age. Results: PTCs were identified in 2.77% of participants. BMI, FAI, TG, and IR indices were significantly higher for women with PTCs than those without PTCs. SEM revealed significant indirect effects of FAI on PTCs via BMI and HOMA-IR. The direct effect was negative, resulting in a non-significant total effect. A sensitivity model using HOMA-IR as the predictor showed a significant direct effect on PTCs without mediation via FAI. Conclusions: Biochemical HA may influence PTC development in PCOS through metabolic pathways, establishing the need to consider metabolic context when evaluating adnexal cysts in hyperandrogenic women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T13:25:11Z","timestamp":1754486711000},"page":"5545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic Mediation of the Association Between Hyperandrogenism and Paratubal Cysts in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7958-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Kyung","family":"Baek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5171-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chae Eun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3128-8815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Yon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5703-797X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo Hyon","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.217","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: Etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. 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