{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:43:27Z","timestamp":1790073807161,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a severe, debilitating, and pervasive sleep disorder. OSA mainly affects people with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and dyslipidemia and is strongly associated with cardiovascular complications. Based on the bidirectional relationship between T2DM and OSA, the latter represents a risk factor for the former, and, vice versa, people with T2DM have a high risk of OSA. Mechanical and hormonal factors, inflammatory mediators, and a dysregulated autonomic nervous system contribute to the mechanisms underlying the disease. Treatment of OSA is necessary even if the available remedies are not always effective. In addition to traditional treatments, including lifestyle adaptations and bariatric surgery, CPAP equipment, i.e., a breathing device ensuring continuous positive pressure to keep the airways open during sleep, represents the most common treatment tool. More recently, pharmacological research has paved the way to newer seemingly effective therapeutic strategies involving, in particular, two hypoglycemic agent classes, i.e., sodium\u2013glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP1-ras). This narrative review provides an update on all of the above.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T10:58:26Z","timestamp":1754564306000},"page":"5574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Type 2 Diabetes: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9059-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"Gentile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, Vanvitelli University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Research Department, Nefrocenter Research Network, 80059 Torre del Greco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo Maria","family":"Monda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit \u2018\u2018Santissima Annunziata\u2019\u2019 Hospital Cento, 44042 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, Vanvitelli University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Research Department, Nefrocenter Research Network, 80059 Torre del Greco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ersilia","family":"Satta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Nefrocenter Research Network, 80059 Torre del Greco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Chiarello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Nefrocenter Research Network, 80059 Torre del Greco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Caccavale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Nefrocenter Research Network, 80059 Torre del Greco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edi","family":"Mattera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, Vanvitelli University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3960-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Marfella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), Vanvitelli University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8917-5314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felice","family":"Strollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.05.048","article-title":"Sleep Disordered Breathing and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"78","author":"Cowie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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