{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:16:42Z","timestamp":1792268202330,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pancreas exhibits a uniquely intricate vascular architecture characterized by frequent and clinically significant morphological variations. These variations\u2014impacting both arterial supply and venous drainage\u2014are critical determinants in surgical planning, radiologic interpretation, and interventional outcomes. This comprehensive review examines the full spectrum of pancreatic vascular anatomy, with particular emphasis on embryological development, imaging manifestations, and surgical relevance. Key arterial structures, including the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (SPDAs and IPDAs) and the dorsal pancreatic artery (DPA)\u2014are explored in detail alongside accessory branches. On the venous side, focus is placed on the gastrocolic trunk (GCT) of Henle, the uncinate and centro-inferior pancreatic veins, and the dorsal pancreatic vein (DPV). The review highlights that arterial aberrations, such as a DPA originating from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), or duplicated patterns of the IPDA, as well as venous anomalies such as variant drainage of the GCT or the centro-inferior pancreatic vein, have substantial implications during pancreaticoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, and transplantation procedures. With advances in multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and three-dimensional (3D) modeling, high-risk vascular variants can now be accurately mapped preoperatively, facilitating safer and more effective minimally invasive and robotic-assisted surgeries. In conclusion, the recognition and understanding of pancreatic vascular variations are imperative for optimal surgical and interventional management. This review underscores the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration among surgeons, radiologists, and anatomists, which will allow them to integrate detailed anatomical knowledge into clinical workflows, ultimately improving patient outcomes in pancreatic procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T15:30:52Z","timestamp":1754667052000},"page":"5625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Blood Supply of the Human Pancreas: Anatomical and Surgical Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0122-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Triantafyllou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"\u201cVARIANTIS\u201d Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 09-400 Plock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7727-7804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orestis","family":"Lyros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fourth Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Arkadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fourth Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4267-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Kokoropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fourth Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5974-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotis","family":"Demetriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Samolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6414-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Olewnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cVARIANTIS\u201d Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 09-400 Plock, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 09-400 Plock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2374-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid C.","family":"Landfald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cVARIANTIS\u201d Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 09-400 Plock, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 09-400 Plock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-8005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Piagkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"\u201cVARIANTIS\u201d Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 09-400 Plock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Standring, S., Anand, N., Birch, R., Collins, P., Crossman, A., Gleeson, M., Jawaheer, G., Smith, A., Spratt, J., and Stringer, M. 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