{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T17:33:20Z","timestamp":1791135200114,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are among the most widespread drugs for the prevention of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Nevertheless, they are known to cause bradykinin (BK)-mediated angioedema (AE), a paroxysmal, localized, self-limiting, and potentially fatal swelling of the subcutaneous and\/or submucosal tissue, due to a temporary increase in vascular permeability. Unlike hereditary angioedema (HAE), which can be mediated similarly by BK, no diagnostic tools, guidelines, or drugs have yet been approved for the diagnosis and treatment of acute non-allergic drug-induced AE. Besides ACEIs and ARBs, inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, neprilysin inhibitors, and tissue plasminogen activators are known to cause AE as an adverse effect. Currently, there are insufficient data on the prevention of AE caused by pharmacological therapies. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying BK-mediated AE caused by drugs, which are discussed here, are not fully explained. Specific approved drugs and a structured diagnostic workflow are unmet needs and are required for the management of this kind of AE. The aim of this review is to provide physicians with accurate knowledge of potentially life-threatening drug reactions so that they can be better understood and managed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1755016236000},"page":"5712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema Induced by Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8872-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Suffritti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3785-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1839-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Lise","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3041-8910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eralda","family":"Lekli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6145-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Palestra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6529-9750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclseren","family":"Tuncay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Allergology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, 12203 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Loffredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Network for Hereditary and Acquired Angioedema (ITACA), 20125 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7655-0696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine 2, Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.03.024","article-title":"Definition, acronyms, nomenclature, and classification of angioedema (DANCE): AAAAI, ACAAI, ACARE, and APAAACI DANCE consensus","volume":"154","author":"Reshef","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. 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