{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:42Z","timestamp":1760060142378,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Adherence to current clinical guidelines is crucial for ensuring optimal therapy in patients with heart failure (HF). This study aims to explore how cardiologists, as specialists in heart failure, approach the clinical scenarios encountered in the management of HF patients, in line with the recommended guidelines. A heart failure-focused meeting was organized, during which participating cardiologists engaged actively. During HF meetings in which cardiologists participated, 108 questionnaires were distributed electronically. In total, 57 men and 51 women expressed their opinions regarding the Delphi analysis. Results: A strong consensus on the benefits of beta-blockers in improving prognoses for, and reducing mortality in, patients with HF and reduced systolic function emerged. The majority of cardiologists continue to prefer intravenous therapy with continuous loop-diuretic administration in combination with thiazide diuretics. The use of metolazone elicits fewer preferences, probably due to concerns about side effects. Certainly, SGLT2i is useful in reducing hospitalizations and reducing congestion; however, there is no full consensus on whether MRAi should be discontinued in favor of SGLT2i alone. The majority of participants would discontinue MRAs in the presence of hyperkalemia and worsening renal function, maintaining sacubitril\/valsartan, and indicating a priority for renal safety. There was near-unanimous agreement on the early initiation of sacubitril\/valsartan after the stabilization of patients hospitalized for heart failure. Conclusions: A significant majority (97%) of cardiologists expressed a preference for utilizing all of the guideline-recommended drug classes in the management of heart failure, even if this meant not always reaching the maximum tolerated dose for each medication. This approach underscores the importance of comprehensive therapy, targeting multiple pathophysiological mechanisms in heart failure. Cardiologists emphasized that while achieving optimal dosing is ideal, flexibility in treatment regimens is often necessary to accommodate individual patient characteristics, tolerance, and clinical status. The findings highlight the need for personalized treatment strategies that align with current guidelines, while also recognizing the challenges and variability in patient responses to therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T13:30:38Z","timestamp":1755091838000},"page":"5729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medical Therapy in Patients with Heart Failure: A Delphi Consensus from Italian Cardiologists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Tardivo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geriatry, University of Medicine Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Medicine, University of Medicine Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2841-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano M.","family":"Ruocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department I, Veris Delli Ponti Hospital, 73020 Scorrano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Pastorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Regina Montis Regalis, Strada del Rocchetto 99, 12084 Mondov\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Bertone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Regina Montis Regalis, Strada del Rocchetto 99, 12084 Mondov\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8138-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Feola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Regina Montis Regalis, Strada del Rocchetto 99, 12084 Mondov\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: A comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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