{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:19:19Z","timestamp":1788913159144,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University, Arar, KSA","award":["NBU-FFR-2025-2508-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBU-FFR-2025-2508-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Asthma is a condition caused by chronic lower airway inflammation. Its primary treatment focuses on managing the condition and reducing the frequency of exacerbation episodes. Monitoring the level of asthma control among adults is essential for both clinical care and public health planning. This systematic review aimed to assess the level of asthma control among adults in Saudi Arabia and to determine the prevalence of controlled asthma in this population. Methods: The literature search was conducted using PubMed. We included all English-language, empirical, quantitative studies that investigated the prevalence of asthma control among Saudi adults. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Study Quality Assessment Tools guided determination of the quality of the included studies. This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024484711). Results: Of the 107 initially identified studies, 17 met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment tool rated 11 studies as good, 5 as fair, and 1 as poor. Most of the included studies used cross-sectional design from different geographical locations and varied in sample size. Overall, the prevalence of uncontrolled asthma among Saudi adults ranged from 23.4% to 68.1%. In some studies, well-controlled asthma was reported in as few as 3% of patients. Factors associated with uncontrolled asthma included lower educational attainment, unemployment, low income, female gender, tobacco use, poor medication adherence, and lack of regular medical follow-up. Environmental triggers and comorbid conditions, such as allergic rhinitis, were also frequently cited as contributing factors. Conclusions: Asthma control among adults in Saudi Arabia remains a significant public health concern. Improving outcomes requires a multifaceted approach that includes patient education, regular follow-up care (including pulmonary function tests, asthma severity assessments, and personalized treatment plans), and broader public health initiatives aimed at reducing exposure to allergens and pollutants. Strengthening primary care services and implementing nationwide asthma management programs may play a critical role in enhancing disease control and improving quality of life. Continued research in this field is strongly recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T15:44:21Z","timestamp":1755186261000},"page":"5753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Asthma Control Among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour M.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center for Health Research, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6677-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed Mardy","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Technology Department, Respiratory Care Program, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-655X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Alammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Care, King Fahd Hospital, Jeddah 23325, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jameel","family":"Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawzeah","family":"Alenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour","family":"Aldhaefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deema Faleh","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahad Adel","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamdan","family":"Al-Jahdali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21609","article-title":"Asthma: Definitions and pathophysiology","volume":"5","author":"Mims","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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