{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:38:17Z","timestamp":1760060297817,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) occurs in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, particularly among the elderly. Aim: This study aimed to identify diastolic function changes over a 52-week follow-up and the predictive factors for LVDD in T2DM patients without atherosclerotic manifestations. Methods: Diastolic function, metabolic profile, atherogenic indexes, and subclinical inflammatory markers were assessed at baseline and after one year in 138 T2DM outpatients. All variables were compared in patients with and without LVDD across three age groups. Results: The patients were 57.86 \u00b1 8.82 years old, 49.3% male, with a mean 5-year diabetes duration and a median HbA1c of 7.8%. At baseline, 71 patients had grade 1 LVDD, 12 had grade 2 and 3 LVDD, and 15 had indeterminate LVDD. In the elderly group, 29 patients had LVDD. The logistic regression analysis identified age over 65 as an independent risk factor for LVDD (Exp B = 9.85, 95% CI: 1.29\u201375.36, p = 0.027). LVDD patients had a longer diabetes duration and a higher prevalence of diabetic neuropathy. Elderly patients had the lowest E\/A, e\u2019, lateral s\u2019, atherogenic and Castelli risk indexes, and significantly higher E\/e\u2019, EDT, LAVI and TNF-alpha values (p &lt; 0.05). After 52 weeks, diastolic function worsened in 27 patients, who had no significant differences compared to those with stable or improved diastolic function. Conclusions: LVDD was common in our T2DM patients without known cardiovascular disease, and age increases the LVDD risk. Echocardiographic assessment is necessary, especially in elderly T2DM patients with co-morbidities, to identify patients at risk of progression to heart failure early.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T08:39:07Z","timestamp":1755247147000},"page":"5772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age-Related Characteristics of Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7721-554X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena-Daniela","family":"Grigorescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Centre of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0413-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan-Mircea","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Centre of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6993-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgiana-Diana","family":"Cazac-Panaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Centre of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6271-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina-Bianca","family":"Fo\u0219\u0103l\u0103u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Centre of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2820-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Onofriescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Centre of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Floria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0402-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Gena","family":"Dasc\u0103lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0043-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr","family":"Ceasovschih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren\u021biu","family":"\u0218orodoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina-Mihaela","family":"L\u0103c\u0103tu\u0219u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Centre of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, \u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01516-6","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Progress toward personalized management","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0014","article-title":"Heart failure: An underappreciated complication of diabetes. A consensus report of the American Diabetes Association","volume":"45","author":"Januzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urlic, H., Kumric, M., Vrdoljak, J., Martinovic, D., Dujic, G., Vilovic, M., Ticinovic Kurir, T., and Bozic, J. (2023). 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