{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T12:21:59Z","timestamp":1782562919342,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Edward and Bardara Bell Family Endowed Chair at Cleveland Clinic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Stair ambulation is a complex motor task that presents a substantial fall risk for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PwPD) who often have postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) and experience unpredictable freezing of gait (FOG) episodes. While dual-task (DT) interference during level walking is well-documented, its impact on stair ambulation, an everyday, high-risk activity, remains poorly understood. Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of dual tasking on patterns of motor control during stair ambulation using kinetic data from The Stair Ambulation and Functional Evaluation of Gait (Safe-Gait) system. Methods: Seventeen individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) completed three single-task (ST) and three dual-task (DT) trials on the Safe-Gait system, which sampled kinetic data via embedded force plates during stair ascent and descent. The force plate data were used to quantify step time, braking and propulsive impulses, and center of pressure (CoP) displacement and sway speed to assess DT effects on stair ambulation kinetics. Results: Dual-task conditions led to significant increases in step time (p &lt; 0.001), braking impulse (p &lt; 0.01), anteroposterior center of pressure (CoP) range (p &lt; 0.05), and a decrease in mediolateral CoP speed (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Dual tasking during stair ambulation altered gait kinetics in PwPD, evidenced by slower, less stable movement patterns. These findings highlight the impact of cognitive motor DT interference on functional mobility and support the use of instrumented stair assessments to guide therapeutic care and fall risk interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T15:34:53Z","timestamp":1755531293000},"page":"5830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterizing Stair Ambulation Kinetics and the Effects of Dual Tasking in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sumner V.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8598-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Waltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3047-8091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandy","family":"Miller Koop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karissa","family":"Hastilow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay L.","family":"Alberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.12.012","article-title":"A meta-analysis: Parkinson\u2019s disease and dual-task walking","volume":"62","author":"Raffegeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Park. 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