{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:52:05Z","timestamp":1765889525030,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been employed as a therapeutic modality for managing chronic pain across diverse etiologies and neural targets. Nevertheless, its application in treating chronic axial neck pain remains markedly underexplored. Accordingly, this study aimed to both review the existing literature and present a retrospective single-center case series of patients who underwent temporary PNS targeting the cervical medial branch nerves (CMBNs) for chronic axial neck pain. Methods: This investigation comprises a narrative literature review alongside a single-center, retrospective case series evaluating percutaneous, temporary PNS for the management of cervical spondylosis facet arthropathy in the absence of myelopathy or radiculopathy. The primary outcomes were pain reduction, as measured by the numeric rating scale, and improvements in functional disability, with assessments conducted at baseline and at 60 days post-intervention. Results: PNS represents a neuromodulatory, nondestructive intervention that targets the CMBN to alleviate chronic axial neck pain, in contrast to the destructive mechanisms inherent in cervical radiofrequency ablation (CRFA). Although PNS has been applied to other neural targets, its use in the cervical region is sparsely documented, with limited case studies available. Notably, this case series is the first to report pain and disability outcomes specifically associated with CMBN PNS. At the 60-day follow-up, 66% of subjects achieved the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for pain reduction, while 77% met the MCID for disability reduction. Moreover, our analysis uniquely examined the impact of previous CRFA and a history of cervical spine surgery on treatment outcomes, revealing that patients with such interventions experienced more modest improvements compared to their surgery- and CRFA-naive counterparts. Conclusions: The current literature reveals a significant gap regarding the use of CMBN PNS, underscoring an unmet need in the treatment algorithm for chronic axial neck pain beyond conservative modalities. Our findings suggest that CMBN PNS may offer a promising adjunctive therapy for carefully selected patients with refractory chronic axial neck pain who have not improved after medications, physical therapy, or injections. Additionally, the comparative analysis of outcomes in patients with a history of CRFA or cervical surgery underscores potential advantages of PNS prior to destructive therapies. Future research, ideally in the form of prospective studies with larger cohorts and extended follow-up durations, is warranted to further evaluate long-term outcomes and refine the place of PNS in the treatment algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T15:19:02Z","timestamp":1755789542000},"page":"5910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporary Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) of the Cervical Medial Branch Nerve (CMBN) for Chronic Axial Neck Pain\u2014A Literature Review and Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6513-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius","family":"Tieppo Francio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, CB 8054, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Gustafson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Logan","family":"Leavitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Zwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Anesthesia Associates, 9100 West 74th Street, Overland Park, KS 66204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2848-6255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4610-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawood","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5683-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Neck Pain Collaborators (2024). 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