{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:24:50Z","timestamp":1790619890315,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sandra Rusac-Kuki\u0107\u2019s funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent type of arthritis, primarily impacting synovial joints. While it has traditionally been viewed as resulting from mechanical wear and tear, OA is now increasingly understood as an inflammatory condition. By analysing serum concentrations of molecular patterns related to inflammatory damage (DAMPs), including high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), hS100A8\/A9 proteins, and their soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), it is possible to investigate the inflammatory pathogenesis of the disease. Methods: The research was conducted at Dubrava University Hospital in Zagreb, Croatia, from March 2022 to July 2024. The study analyses venous blood from 94 subjects with different degrees of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and hip osteoarthritis (hip OA) using ELISA. The aim is to measure serum levels of DAMP biomarkers, including HMGB1, hS100A8\/A9, and sRAGE. Results: Subjects with KOA exhibited higher levels of HMGB1 (21.72 \u00b1 3.50) than those with hip OA (7.11 \u00b1 1.46) or controls (1.64 \u00b1 0.80), indicating a potential role for HMGB1 as a proinflammatory mediator. Lower sRAGE levels in KOA (499.97 \u00b1 18.71) compared to controls (1273.8 \u00b1 58.92) may suggest impaired anti-inflammatory activity. Because of possible differences in biomechanical loads and metabolic pathways, hS100A8\/A9 concentrations in KOA (1227.06 \u00b1 175.34) were greater than in hip OA (664.88 \u00b1 38.90). Conclusions: HMGB1 exhibits proinflammatory and sRAGE anti-inflammatory activity in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and hip OA. Their levels support an inflammatory pathogenesis of these diseases. HMGB1 and sRAGE are promising biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and could represent potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14175931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T11:50:31Z","timestamp":1755863431000},"page":"5931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Serum Levels of HMGB1, hS100A8\/A9, and sRAGE in Patients with Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis: Inflammatory Biomarkers of Disease Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Rusac-Kuki\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Special Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Heart, Lung and Rheumatic Diseases, Thalassotherapia Opatija, 51410 Opatija, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alenka","family":"Vi\u0161ni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Reproduction, Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8516-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja Rogi\u0107","family":"Vidakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dubravka","family":"Bobek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2025.2502591","article-title":"Mechanical insights into fat pads: A comparative study of infrapatellar and suprapatellar fat pads in osteoarthritis","volume":"66","author":"Pettenuzzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Connect. 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