{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:15:53Z","timestamp":1791875753607,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is a cardiac dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis, occurring in the absence of structural heart disease. It increases perioperative risk, especially in liver transplantation, and may contribute to hepatorenal syndrome. Despite its clinical significance, CCM remains poorly understood and lacks effective treatments. This review aims to summarize recent findings on the pathogenesis of CCM and highlight potential therapeutic targets. A focused literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Clarivate databases, selecting studies from the last five years. Included studies investigated molecular, cellular, and receptor-mediated mechanisms involved in CCM. Results: CCM results from neurohumoral, inflammatory, and electrophysiological disturbances. Key mechanisms involve dysfunction of \u03b2-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors, altered ion channels (potassium, L-type calcium), impaired sodium\u2013calcium exchange, and suppression of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Dysregulation of the CD73 (5\u2019-nucleotidase, ecto-5\u2019-nucleotidase)\u2013A2 adenosine axis, along with effects from endocannabinoids, nitric oxide (NO) inhibition by tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), carbon monoxide (CO), and elevated galectin-3 (Gal-3), further contribute to myocardial dysfunction. Conclusions: CCM is a multifactorial condition linked to systemic and myocardial effects of cirrhosis. A deeper understanding of its mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapies. Further research is needed to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14175993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:26:31Z","timestamp":1756189591000},"page":"5993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy: Bridging Hepatic and Cardiac Pathophysiology in the Modern Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Drago\u0219","family":"Lupu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic, and Clinical Disciplines, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"},{"name":"ICCO Clinics Brasov, 500059 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camelia Cornelia","family":"Sc\u00e2rneciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic, and Clinical Disciplines, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital Bra\u0219ov, 500157 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6204-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"\u021a\u00een\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICCO Clinics Brasov, 500059 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, 50036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7351-741X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Tudoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VII, Internal Medicine II, Discipline of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d, L. Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1958.00030010405009","article-title":"A Study of Heart Disease in One Hundred Eight Hospitalized Patients Dying with Portal Cirrhosis","volume":"102","author":"Lunseth","year":"1958","journal-title":"AMA Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"530","article-title":"Cardiac Abnormalities in Liver Cirrhosis","volume":"151","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"West. J. 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