{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:36:46Z","timestamp":1785213406978,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cervicodorsal lipodystrophy, commonly referred to as \u201cbuffalo hump,\u201d has traditionally been associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-related antiretroviral therapy. However, similar deformities may also occur independently of HIV treatment. This study aimed to investigate non HIV-associated buffalo hump as a potential clinical marker of underlying metabolic or endocrine disorders. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 12 HIV-negative patients who presented with cervicodorsal lipodystrophy between 2012 and 2022. Patient demographics, laboratory values, and imaging findings were analyzed. All patients underwent surgical resection of a hypertrophic fat pad. Exploratory statistical analyses were performed using Mann\u2013Whitney U and Fisher\u2019s exact tests and Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis. Results: These 12 patients had a mean age of 56.92 \u00b1 16.69 years and a mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30.15 \u00b1 4.59 kg\/m2. Hypertension and diabetes were each present in 66.7% of patients, and hyperlipidemia in 75%. Three patients were newly diagnosed with metabolic disease. No significant differences were found between newly diagnosed and previously diagnosed patients in age (45.67 \u00b1 21.46 vs. 60.67 \u00b1 14.31 years, p = 0.194) or BMI (32.44 \u00b1 2.39 vs. 29.39 \u00b1 4.99 kg\/m2, p = 0.145). Group differences in hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or liver dysfunction were also not significant (all p &gt; 0.49). No correlation was observed between age and BMI (\u03c1 = \u22120.158, p = 0.624). Conclusions: Although the small sample size precludes definitive conclusions, the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in this cohort was notably higher than reported in Korean population-based surveys. These findings suggest that non HIV-associated buffalo hump may serve as an externally visible marker of systemic metabolic burden. Metabolic screening should be considered even in the absence of overt systemic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14175997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:26:31Z","timestamp":1756189591000},"page":"5997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Non HIV-Associated Buffalo Hump as a Clinical Marker of Metabolic Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nae-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2359-0272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beom Jin","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Yong","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon Kyu","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2865-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si-Gyun","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1086\/313854","article-title":"HIV protease inhibitor-related lipodystrophy syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Carr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. 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