{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T20:07:01Z","timestamp":1767211621468,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Although COVID-19 may cause cognitive impairments for up to six months, the long-term effects of mild cases remain unclear. Given their high exposure and critical role in public health, assessing this impact on healthcare workers is essential. Aim: The present study aimed to examine the cognitive and emotional effects of mild COVID-19 in 92 healthcare workers one year after infection. Methods: In total, 50 had experienced mild COVID-19, while 42 had not been infected. Participants completed a neuropsychological assessment evaluating attention, memory, and executive functions, along with self-reported measures of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, occupational stress, and burnout. Results: No significant cognitive differences were observed between the groups. However, both exhibited moderate-to-severe psychological distress, with the COVID-19 group showing higher trait anxiety (p = 0.032). Emotional symptoms were significantly associated with neuropsychological performance\u2014higher burnout (\u03c1 from \u22120.20 to \u22120.28, p &lt; 0.05) and stress (\u03c1 from \u22120.25 to \u22120.33, p &lt; 0.01) correlated with slower responses and more errors in tasks such as the D2 variation index, TESEN execution speed, Rey\u2013Osterrieth Figure recall, and Digit Span forward span. Conclusions: These findings suggest no long-term cognitive impairment after mild COVID-19 but highlight the substantial emotional toll of the pandemic on healthcare workers. Future research should explore cognitive reserve as a protective factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:26:31Z","timestamp":1756189591000},"page":"6007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["One Year After Mild COVID-19: Emotional Distress but Preserved Cognition in Healthcare Workers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group in Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation (NECODOR), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2819-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mart\u00ednez-\u00cd\u00f1igo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4541-7016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Fernandes-Magalhaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group in Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation (NECODOR), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"De Lahoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group in Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation (NECODOR), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7339-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"del Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group in Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation (NECODOR), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Garc\u00eda-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9228-1008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dino","family":"Soldic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group in Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation (NECODOR), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8149-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group in Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation (NECODOR), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). 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