{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:34:35Z","timestamp":1780547675394,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["RF1 AG077772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1 AG077772"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults is well characterized and associated with multisystem dysfunction. A subset of patients develop post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC, or long COVID), marked by persistent and fluctuating organ system abnormalities. In children, distinct clinical and pathophysiological features of COVID-19 and long COVID are increasingly recognized, though knowledge remains limited relative to adults. The exponential expansion of the COVID-19 literature has made comprehensive appraisal by individual researchers increasingly unfeasible, highlighting the need for new approaches to evidence synthesis. Large language models (LLMs) such as the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) can process vast amounts of text, offering potential utility in this domain. Earlier versions of GPT, however, have been prone to generating fabricated references or misrepresentations of primary data. To evaluate the potential of more advanced models, we systematically applied GPT-4 to summarize studies on pediatric long COVID published between January 2022 and January 2025. Articles were identified in PubMed, and full-text PDFs were retrieved from publishers. GPT-4-generated summaries were cross-checked against the results sections of the original reports to ensure accuracy before incorporation into a structured review framework. This methodology demonstrates how LLMs may augment traditional literature review by improving efficiency and coverage in rapidly evolving fields, provided that outputs are subjected to rigorous human verification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:26:31Z","timestamp":1756189591000},"page":"6011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pulmonary and Immune Dysfunction in Pediatric Long COVID: A Case Study Evaluating the Utility of ChatGPT-4 for Analyzing Scientific Articles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5494-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna R.","family":"Var","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Maeser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Zahs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Deep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1700-015X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phoebe","family":"Strell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Comparative and Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4194-2304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Korthas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1980-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkatramana","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manojkumar","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuhinur","family":"Arju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1185-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anala","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayuresh","family":"Vernekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6592-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madison A.","family":"Waldron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy","family":"Person","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5331-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim","family":"Cheeran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9245-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Pharmacology and 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Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ONS (2023, February 21). 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