{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:24:41Z","timestamp":1785331481413,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Orasis Pharmaceuticals"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Presbyopia is a ubiquitous age-related condition characterized by reduced near focusing ability due to lenticular stiffening. Pharmacologic agents such as pilocarpine have re-emerged as a less-invasive treatment option by inducing miosis and thereby enhancing depth of focus. However, the optimal pharmacologically induced pupil size that balances improved near vision with sufficient retinal illuminance remains undetermined. In this work, we present for the first time a direct integration of advanced theoretical modeling with a systematic synthesis of clinical trial outcomes to define the optimal target pupil size for pharmacologic presbyopia correction. We modeled visual performance using the Visual Strehl Ratio of the Optical Transfer Function (VSOTF) and convolved images of optotypes across a range of pupil diameters from 1.5 mm to 3.5 mm. This combined optical\u2013clinical approach allowed us to quantitatively compare modeled image quality and depth of focus predictions with real-world clinical efficacy data from pilocarpine-based interventions. Simulations showed that smaller pupil sizes (1.5\u20132.5 mm) significantly extended depth of focus compared to standard multifocal optics while maintaining image quality within acceptable limits. These findings align with clinical trials of pilocarpine formulations, which commonly achieve post-treatment pupil diameters in the 2.0\u20132.5 mm range and are associated with clinically meaningful gains in near vision. Our analysis uniquely demonstrates that these clinically achieved pupil sizes closely match the theoretically optimal 2.0\u20133.0 mm range identified in our modeling, strengthening the evidence base for drug design and patient selection. These results reinforce the role of pharmacologically controlled pupil size as a central target in presbyopia management. By explicitly linking predictive optical modeling with aggregated clinical outcomes, we introduce a novel framework to guide future pharmacologic development strategies and refine clinical counseling in the emerging era of presbyopia therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1756219398000},"page":"6040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacological Modulation of Pupil Size in Presbyopia: Optical Modeling and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4319-2797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"De Gracia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI 48377, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4032-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Pucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eminent Ophthalmic Services, LLC, 386 Riley Circle NW, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2024.102157","article-title":"BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Epidemiology and impact","volume":"47","author":"Markoulli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2024.102155","article-title":"BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Definitions","volume":"47","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2024.102185","article-title":"BCLA CLEAR presbyopia: Mechanism and optics","volume":"47","author":"Davies","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001913","article-title":"Exploring the Experience of Living with and Managing Presbyopia","volume":"99","author":"Stokes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optom. 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