{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T04:54:42Z","timestamp":1768625682673,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting long-chain fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation. A hallmark feature of LCHADD is progressive chorioretinopathy, which may lead to severe visual complications, including macular neovascularization (MNV). The goal of the study was to analyze MNV in patients with genetically confirmed LCHADD. Methods: Data of 8 patients with LCHADD from the Kaszubia region in Poland followed in the clinic were retrospectively analyzed. The analyses included genetic confirmation, ophthalmologic examinations, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and treatment responses. Results: Two patients with MNV in the course of LCHADD were identified. In Patient 1, a 9-year-old female, unilateral MNV at the fibrotic stage with a visual acuity of counting fingers was diagnosed in the right eye. No treatment was administered. The left eye remained stable, maintaining a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.9 on the decimal Snellen chart. Patient 2, male, was followed from age 8 to 16 and during that time developed bilateral MNV. The right eye presented with inactive MNV at the age of 9, resulting in BCVA reduction to 0.3 without active fluid, and remained stable without intervention. The left eye developed active MNV at age 15 with subretinal fluid and retinal edema. Treatment with five intravitreal injections of ranibizumab led to complete resolution and recovery of BCVA to 1.0. Conclusions: MNV, although rare, can develop in pediatric LCHADD patients silently and bilaterally. Early detection through regular ophthalmologic screening is crucial, as timely anti-VEGF treatment can preserve or restore vision. Delayed diagnosis may result in irreversible damage and limited therapeutic benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T09:31:12Z","timestamp":1756373472000},"page":"6062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Macular Neovascularization in Pediatric Patients with Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency: A Retrospective Analysis of a Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2890-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Hubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Pomeranian Hospitals in Wejherowo, 84-200 Wejherowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2901-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Gaw\u0119cki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Pomeranian Hospitals in Wejherowo, 84-200 Wejherowo, Poland"},{"name":"Dobry Wzrok Ophthalmological Center in Gdansk, 80-392 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3724-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Grzybowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Mickiewicza 24, 61-836 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-010-9190-7","article-title":"A comprehensive HADHA c.1528G>C frequency study reveals high prevalence of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in Poland","volume":"33","author":"Olsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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