{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T23:54:06Z","timestamp":1774655646199,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bicycles constitute a primary means of transportation, particularly within the scope of urban micromobility. However, the use of this mode of transport is associated with the risk of traffic accidents and subsequent maxillofacial trauma. Cyclists are classified as vulnerable road users, among whom the assessment of injury patterns is a significant issue. This study aimed to identify the most common maxillofacial fractures resulting from bicycle-related traffic accidents. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of patients treated at the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery at the University Clinical Hospital in Poznan, who sustained maxillofacial injuries as a result of bicycle-related accidents between 2019 and 2023. Results: A total of 99 patients met the inclusion criteria. Most of the study population was males (70.7%), with a median age of 38. Accidents most frequently occurred during the summer months and on Fridays and weekends. The most common fracture site was the mandible (40.4%), with double fractures being the predominant type. Additionally, zygomatic-orbital fractures were frequently observed (30.3%). In terms of treatment, surgical intervention was predominant, and the mean duration of hospitalisation was 6 days. Only 5.1% of patients were under the influence of alcohol at the time of the incident. Furthermore, it was found that isolated mandibular fractures occurred more frequently in younger patients, whereas midface fractures of the Le Fort II and III types were more commonly observed in individuals under the influence of alcohol at the time of the event. Moreover, accidents involving alcohol consumption were associated with a higher incidence of concomitant cranio-cerebral injuries. Conclusions: Defining the profile of maxillofacial fractures resulting from bicycle accidents constitutes a clinically relevant issue. Additionally, identifying the main risk factors and developing preventive measures is of critical importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T09:31:12Z","timestamp":1756373472000},"page":"6075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characteristics of Bicycle-Related Maxillofacial Injuries Between 2019\u20132023\u2014Retrospective Study from Poznan, Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5042-5985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Nijakowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6330-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Rzepczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5909-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Szczepaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Student Scientific Society of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Student Scientific Society of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0580-8921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Czes\u0142aw","family":"\u017baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Ok\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.11.010","article-title":"How to Make More Cycling Good for Road Safety?","volume":"44","author":"Wegman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.11.021","article-title":"Observing the Observation of (Vulnerable) Road User Behaviour and Traffic Safety: A Scoping Review","volume":"123","author":"Riaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.08.006","article-title":"Relative Injury Severity among Vulnerable Non-Motorised Road Users: Comparative Analysis of Injury Arising from Bicycle-Motor Vehicle and Bicycle-Pedestrian Collisions","volume":"42","author":"Chong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.10.027","article-title":"Bicycle Transport as an Opportunity to Develop Urban Tourism\u2014Warsaw Example","volume":"151","author":"Roman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g425","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g425","article-title":"Health Effects of the London Bicycle Sharing System: Health Impact Modelling Study","volume":"348","author":"Woodcock","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"100648","article-title":"Where to Improve Cycling Infrastructure? Assessing Bicycle Suitability and Bikeability with Open Data in the City of Paris","volume":"15","author":"Wysling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"350","article-title":"Public Bicycle in the Context of Sustainable Mobility","volume":"Volume 925","author":"Alareeni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technology: Toward Business Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/23800127.2020.1847396","article-title":"The Bicycle as a Symbol of Lifestyle, Status and Distinction. A Cultural Studies Analysis of Urban Cycling (Sub)Cultures in Berlin","volume":"7","author":"Hoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Mobilities"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.104045","article-title":"Can Shared Micromobility Programs Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Evidence from Urban Transportation Big Data","volume":"85","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2014.01.013","article-title":"How Land-Use and Urban Form Impact Bicycle Flows: Evidence from the Bicycle-Sharing System (BIXI) in Montreal","volume":"41","author":"Eluru","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.10.016","article-title":"Bicycle Accidents\u2014Do We Only See the Tip of the Iceberg?","volume":"43","author":"Juhra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.05.269","article-title":"How Safe Are Cyclists on European Roads?","volume":"14","author":"Evgenikos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glowinski, S., Rzepczyk, S., and Obst, M. (2025). Trends in Bicycle Accidents and Injury Analysis in Poland: Insights from 2016 to 2023. Safety, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/safety11020032"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2013.805293","article-title":"In-Depth Real-World Bicycle Accident Reconstructions","volume":"19","author":"Bourdet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Crashworthiness"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2016.1278239","article-title":"Road Accidents Involving Bicycles: Configurations and Injuries","volume":"24","author":"Orsi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Inj. Control Saf. Promot."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"285","article-title":"Safety Factors and Patterns of Bicycle Trauma in a Tertiary Level 1 Trauma Center in Boston Massachusetts: A Retrospective Review and Survey Study","volume":"11","author":"Yeung","year":"2023","journal-title":"ABJS"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.10.007","article-title":"How Cyclist Behavior Affects Bicycle Accident Configurations?","volume":"41","author":"Amoros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.08.007","article-title":"Exposure Measurement in Bicycle Safety Analysis: A Review of the Literature","volume":"84","author":"Vanparijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2017.02.015","article-title":"Safety Impacts of Bicycle Infrastructure: A Critical Review","volume":"61","author":"DiGioia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2021.2004311","article-title":"Comparison of Injuries among Motorcycle, Moped and Bicycle Traffic Accident Victims","volume":"23","author":"Kent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802413481011","article-title":"Assessing Injury Severity in Bicyclists Involved in Traffic Accidents to More Effectively Prevent Fatal Bicycle Injuries in Japan","volume":"53","author":"Gomei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Law."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Malczyk, A., Bauer, K., Juhra, C., Schick, S., and M\u00fcnster, C. (2014). Head Injuries in Bicyclists and Associated Crash Characteristics, Unfallforschung der Versicherer GDV."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00062-9","article-title":"Bicycle-Related Head Injury: A Study of 86 Cases","volume":"36","author":"Depreitere","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2011.08.006","article-title":"Aetiology and Incidence of Maxillofacial Trauma in Amsterdam: A Retrospective Analysis of 579 Patients","volume":"40","author":"Karagozoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12462","article-title":"Through the Ages\u2014Aetiological Changes in Maxillofacial Trauma","volume":"35","author":"Goedecke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2012.11.002","article-title":"An Epidemiological Study of Maxillofacial Fractures Requiring Surgical Treatment at a Tertiary Trauma Centre between 2005 and 2010","volume":"51","author":"Abbink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12639","article-title":"Maxillofacial Trauma Following Road Accidents\u2014An 11-year Multi-center Study in Israel","volume":"37","author":"Einy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2019.03.609","article-title":"Cycling in Seville and Factors Contributing to Maxillofacial Injury","volume":"48","author":"Wideberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczewska, J., Rzepczyk, S., Ok\u0142a, M., Nijakowski, K., S\u0142owik, \u0141., Makuch, A., Hryniewicz, O., Krasnoborska, J., \u017baba, C., and Osmola, K. (2023). Characteristics of E-Scooter-Related Maxillofacial Injuries over 2019\u20132022\u2014Retrospective Study from Poznan, Poland. JCM, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113690"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S321","DOI":"10.1080\/14616696.2020.1826554","article-title":"Platform Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Glovo Couriers in Poland","volume":"23","author":"Polkowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"41","article-title":"The city bike as a safe mode of transport during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"48","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Nicolai Copernici. Zarz\u0105dzanie"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.09.368","article-title":"Travel Decisions in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"207","author":"Rosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/logi-2022-0001","article-title":"The Urban Transport Strategy on the Example of the City Bike System in the City of Lublin in Relation to the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Dudziak","year":"2022","journal-title":"LOGI\u2014Sci. J. Transp. Logist."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25489","article-title":"National Incidence and Trends of Bicycle Injury","volume":"41","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"9","article-title":"Characteristics of Road Traffic Accidents Treated in an Urban Trauma Center","volume":"7","author":"Marmor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2010.12.028","article-title":"Maxillofacial Fractures Sustained in Bicycle Accidents","volume":"69","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.20408\/jti.2020.0066","article-title":"Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Bicycle-Related Injuries at a Regional Trauma Center in Korea","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Inj."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2020.11.005","article-title":"Maxillofacial Injuries in Cyclists: A Biomechanical Approach for the Analysis of Mechanisms of Mandible Fractures","volume":"79","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reitano, E., Cioffi, S.P.B., Virdis, F., Altomare, M., Spota, A., Chiara, O., and Cimbanassi, S. (2022). Predictors of Mortality in Bicycle-Related Trauma: An Eight-Year Experience in a Level One Trauma Center. JPM, 12.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1625407\/v1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2013.03.004","article-title":"Bicycle-Related Maxillofacial Injuries: A Double-Center Study","volume":"116","author":"Boffano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2008.00056.x","article-title":"Facial Fractures in Road Cyclists","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.03.035","article-title":"A Comparison of Motorcycle and Bicycle Accidents in Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma","volume":"70","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2021.09.013","article-title":"Injury Patterns and Outcomes in Bicycle-Related Maxillofacial Traumata: A Retrospective Analysis of 162 Cases","volume":"50","author":"Klingauf","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2022.03.020","article-title":"Maxillofacial Fractures in Electric and Conventional Bicycle-Related Accidents","volume":"80","author":"Rozema","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2017.1279345","article-title":"Dental Trauma and Bicycle Safety: A Report in Italian Children and Adolescents","volume":"75","author":"Amadori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2021.01.011","article-title":"Associated Injuries Are Common Among Patients With Bicycle-Related Craniofacial Fractures","volume":"79","author":"Puolakkainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.12407","article-title":"Mechanisms, Injuries and Helmet Use in Cyclists Presenting to an Inner City Emergency Department","volume":"27","author":"Dinh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Australas."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2016.05.021","article-title":"Bicycle Helmets Work When It Matters the Most","volume":"213","author":"Joseph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2011.031815","article-title":"Bicycle Helmet Wearing and the Risk of Head, Face, and Neck Injury: A French Case\u2013Control Study Based on a Road Trauma Registry","volume":"18","author":"Amoros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.-T., Rau, C.-S., Liang, C.-C., Wu, S.-C., Hsu, S.-Y., Hsieh, H.-Y., and Hsieh, C.-H. (2015). Bicycle-Related Hospitalizations at a Taiwanese Level I Trauma Center. BMC Public. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2075-9"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2023.01.013","article-title":"Effect of Helmet Use on Maxillofacial Injuries Due to Bicycle and Scooter Accidents: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"53","author":"Stassen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2018.3351","article-title":"Association Between Conventional Bicycle Helmet Use and Facial Injuries After Bicycle Crashes","volume":"145","author":"Benjamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/17\/6075\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:14Z","timestamp":1760034854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/17\/6075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14176075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14176075","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]}}}