{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:14:16Z","timestamp":1791476056927,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The human skin provides a protective barrier composed of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea that prevents the invasion of harmful organisms. Recent advancements in genomic sequencing have allowed for greater accuracy of species detection. This review aims to summarize the most up-to-date skin microbiome shifts in various dermatological diseases. Methods: A systematic search was conducted to examine microbiome shifts comparing lesional and nonlesional or diseased and healthy skin across various dermatological conditions. A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase Databases from inception through April 2024, yielding 38 studies. Results: Staphylococcus aureus was reported unanimously in all skin conditions. Most studies in this review, except those investigating acne vulgaris, showed a decreased microbiome diversity in diseased skin. Finally, there was a greater shift in the proportion of pro-inflammatory bacterial and fungal strains. Conclusions: The skin microbiome is significantly altered in the progression of numerous dermatological diseases. Diversity of the skin microbiome is decreased, and there is an increased proportion of pro-inflammatory bacterial and fungal strains. The skin microbiome also provides a more comprehensive understanding of the development and progression of many inflammatory skin diseases. Prebiotic treatments may propose a much safer and cheaper alternative to antibiotics, which can have highly toxic side effects and negative implications for public health regarding antibiotic resistance. More research is required to fully understand both the microbiome changes and efficacy and viability of using probiotic treatments to restore the skin microbiome, thereby improving patient outcomes in all dermatological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T13:01:13Z","timestamp":1756818073000},"page":"6137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Skin Microbiome Shifts in Various Dermatological Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4283-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conan H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4610X St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6201-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mildred","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 W Taron Dr., Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA"},{"name":"Integrative Skin Science and Research, 1495 River Park Drive, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami S.","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7205-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja K.","family":"Sivamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 W Taron Dr., Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA"},{"name":"Integrative Skin Science and Research, 1495 River Park Drive, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA"},{"name":"Pacific Skin Institute, 1495 River Park Dr Suite 200, Sacramento, CA 95815, USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, 3301 C St #1400, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.033","article-title":"Non-classical Immunity Controls Microbiota Impact on Skin Immunity and Tissue Repair","volume":"172","author":"Linehan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171700","article-title":"Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome","volume":"324","author":"Grice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skowron, K., Bauza-Kaszewska, J., Kraszewska, Z., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Grudlewska-Buda, K., Kwieci\u0144ska-Pir\u00f3g, J., Wa\u0142ecka-Zacharska, E., Radtke, L., and Gospodarek-Komkowska, E. 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