{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T18:49:43Z","timestamp":1776106183332,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KNW-1-183\/N\/9\/K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KNW-1-183\/N\/9\/K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Some patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery (VRS) require general anesthesia (GA), despite the possibility of developing intolerable postoperative pain perception (IPPP). Intraoperative rescue opioid analgesia (IROA) administration during GA poses a risk of perioperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), which may result in suprachoroidal hemorrhage with permanent visual impairment. Adequacy of Anesthesia (AoA) optimizes intraoperative IROA titration. Intravenous preemptive analgesia (IPA) with cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3) inhibitors is added to GA to reduce the IROA dose. In this additional analysis, we assessed the impact of preemptive analgesia with COX-3 inhibitors, administered alongside GA with AoA-guided IROA, on the incidence of PONV, oculocardiac reflex (OCR), and oculoemetic reflex (OER) in patients undergoing VRS as secondary outcomes. Methods: A total of 165 patients scheduled for VRS were randomly assigned to receive AoA-guided GA combined with IPA at a single dose of 1 g of paracetamol (acetaminophen) or 2.5 g of metamizole or both. A total of nine patients were excluded due to technical problems with the intraoperative surgical pleth index (SPI) measurement, inability to report postoperative pain, and postoperative arousal resulting in a loss of follow-up in Stage 5. Results: Regardless of the group assignment, AoA guidance of GA resulted in PONV in 4%, OCR in 10%, and OER in 0% of the 153 analyzed patients undergoing VRS. No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding the type of IPA. PONV was observed in 2.11% (3\/142) of patients with zero, one, or two risk factors of PONV, as compared to 27% (3\/11) of patients with at least three PONV risk factors, assessed using the Apfel score. Conclusions: IPA with both paracetamol and metamizole did not demonstrate a benefit in reducing the analyzed adverse events compared with their single use in patients undergoing VRS under AoA guidance during GA. Surprisingly, PONV was hardly observed in patients with zero, one, or two PONV risk factors assessed by the Apfel score who underwent AoA-guided VRS during GA with IPA using one or two COX-3 inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T07:46:17Z","timestamp":1757058377000},"page":"6261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adverse Events Following Vitreoretinal Surgeries Under Adequacy of Anesthesia with Combined Paracetamol\/Metamizole\u2014Additional Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kaja","family":"Marczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, 5th Regional Hospital, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3507-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142 J.","family":"Stasiowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, 5th Regional Hospital, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"},{"name":"Chair and Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4405-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Lyssek-Boro\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology with Paediatric Unit, 5th Regional Hospital, Trauma Centre, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7833-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Zmarz\u0142y","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reibaldi, M., Fallico, M., Longo, A., Avitabile, T., Astuto, M., Murabito, P., Minardi, C., Bonfiglio, V., Boscia, F., and Furino, C. (2019). Efficacy of Three Different Prophylactic Treatments for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Vitrectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030391"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"CD009936","article-title":"Local versus General Anaesthesia for Adults Undergoing Pars Plana Vitrectomy Surgery","volume":"9","author":"Licina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2015.10.051","article-title":"Dual Platelet Inhibition in Cases of Severe Retrobulbar Hemorrhage Following Retrobulbar and Peribulbar Anesthesia","volume":"41","author":"Huebert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reibaldi, M., Longo, A., Romano, M.R., Cennamo, G., Mariotti, C., Boscia, F., Bonfiglio, V., and Avitabile, T. (2015). Delayed Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage After Pars Plana Vitrectomy: Five-Year Results of a Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 160.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.08.035"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-021-01045-z","article-title":"Update on PONV-What is new in prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting?: Summary of recent consensus recommendations and Cochrane reviews on prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"71","author":"Kienbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517819","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2517819","article-title":"Opioid-Free Anaesthesia to Reduce Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Lower Extremity Wound Surgery: A Randomised Double-Blind Crossover Trial","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-024-01454-w","article-title":"Effect of Remimazolam for General Anesthesia on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"73","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesthesiologie"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, A.M., Yasin, J.A., Aldalati, A.Y., Irfan, H., Qtaishat, F.A., Tamimi, M.-A.A., Hageen, A.W., Odat, R.M., and Albliwi, M. (2025). Olanzapine for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: An Updated Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis. J. Pain Symptom Manag., 69.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2025.02.003"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jotaki, S., Murotani, K., and Hiraki, T. (2024). Preventive Effect of Hydroxyzine on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Single-Center, Retrospective, Observational Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247807"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-025-03498-7","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy of Sugammadex and Neostigmine in Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Management: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"39","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"298","article-title":"Effective Role of Aromatherapy in Reducing Big Little Problem-Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Pashaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000005283","article-title":"Chewing Gum to Treat Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Female Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Trial","volume":"142","author":"Darvall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.01.011","article-title":"Cheek Acupuncture Reduces Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gynecological Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-025-02924-3","article-title":"Effect of Intraoperative Noise Isolation on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"281","article-title":"Risk Factors for Pain and Nausea Following Retinal and Vitreous Surgery under Conscious Sedation","volume":"34","author":"Mandelcorn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.06191.x","article-title":"The Effect on Outcome of Peribulbar Anaesthesia in Conjunction with General Anesthesia for Vitreoretinal Surgery","volume":"65","author":"Ghali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-014-3103-3","article-title":"A 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy after induction of general anesthesia: Effect of additional retrobulbar anesthesia on postoperative pain","volume":"111","author":"Bayerl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318232c34c","article-title":"Preemptive Analgesia with Ropivacaine for Pars Plana Vitrectomy: Randomized Controlled Trial on Efficacy and Required Dose","volume":"32","author":"Hierneis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-30128","article-title":"The combination of retrobulbar block with general anaesthesia may lead to pre-emptive analgesia in patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy","volume":"37","author":"Henzler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anasthesiol. Intensivmed. Notfallmed. Schmerzther."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"221","article-title":"The 2014 Guidelines for Post-Operative Pain Management","volume":"46","author":"Cettler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol. Intensive Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199377020-00026","article-title":"Preemptive Analgesia\u2014Treating Postoperative Pain by Preventing the Establishment of Central Sensitization","volume":"77","author":"Woolf","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.105876","article-title":"Effect of Sevoflurane versus Propofol-Based Anesthesia on the Hemodynamic Response and Recovery Characteristics in Patients Undergoing Microlaryngeal Surgery","volume":"6","author":"Bharti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2013.06.007","article-title":"Monitoring the Nociception-Anti-Nociception Balance","volume":"27","author":"Gruenewald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2010.06480.x","article-title":"Monitoring of Intra-Operative Nociception: Skin Conductance and Surgical Stress Index versus Stress Hormone Plasma Levels","volume":"65","author":"Ledowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq203","article-title":"Evaluation of the Surgical Stress Index during Spinal and General Anaesthesia","volume":"105","author":"Ilies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep206","article-title":"Influence of Different Remifentanil Concentrations on the Performance of the Surgical Stress Index to Detect a Standardized Painful Stimulus during Sevoflurane Anaesthesia","volume":"103","author":"Gruenewald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem173","article-title":"Changes in a Surgical Stress Index in Response to Standardized Pain Stimuli during Propofol-Remifentanil Infusion","volume":"99","author":"Struys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2008.01687.x","article-title":"Surgical Stress Index as a Measure of Nociception\/Antinociception Balance during General Anesthesia","volume":"52","author":"Wennervirta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem035","article-title":"Surgical Stress Index Reflects Surgical Stress in Gynaecological Laparoscopic Day-Case Surgery","volume":"98","author":"Ahonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes426","article-title":"Surgical Pleth Index-Guided Remifentanil Administration Reduces Remifentanil and Propofol Consumption and Shortens Recovery Times in Outpatient Anaesthesia","volume":"110","author":"Bergmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001984","article-title":"Intraoperative \u201cAnalgesia Nociception Index\u201d-Guided Fentanyl Administration During Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Lumbar Discectomy and Laminectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"125","author":"Upton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.11.008","article-title":"Opioid-Free Anaesthesia Reduces Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Thoracoscopic Lung Resection: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"132","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasiowski, M.J., Pluta, A., Lyssek-Boro\u0144, A., Kawka, M., Krawczyk, L., Niewiadomska, E., Dobrowolski, D., Rejdak, R., Kr\u00f3l, S., and \u017bak, J. (2021). Preventive Analgesia, Hemodynamic Stability, and Pain in Vitreoretinal Surgery. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57030262"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pluta, A., Stasiowski, M.J., Lyssek-Boro\u0144, A., Kr\u00f3l, S., Krawczyk, L., Niewiadomska, E., \u017bak, J., Kawka, M., Dobrowolski, D., and Grabarek, B.O. (2021). Adverse Events during Vitrectomy under Adequacy of Anesthesia-An Additional Report. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184172"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"173","article-title":"Postoperative Pain Management\u20142018 Consensus Statement of the Section of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, the Polish Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, the Polish Association for the Study of Pain and the National Consultant in Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy","volume":"50","author":"Daszkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol. Intensive Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasiowski, M.J., Lyssek-Boro\u0144, A., Zmarz\u0142y, N., Marczak, K., and Grabarek, B.O. (2024). The Adequacy of Anesthesia Guidance for Vitreoretinal Surgeries with Preemptive Paracetamol\/Metamizole. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17010129"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.08.009","article-title":"Efficacy of Nonopioid Analgesics and Adjuvants in Multimodal Analgesia for Reducing Postoperative Opioid Consumption and Complications in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"133","author":"Carron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5603\/AIT.2013.0013","article-title":"Guidelines for General Anaesthesia in the Elderly of the Committee on Quality and Safety in Anaesthesia, Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy","volume":"45","author":"Owczuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol. Intensive Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2011.07051.x","article-title":"The Effect of Posture and Anaesthetic Technique on the Surgical Pleth Index","volume":"67","author":"Ilies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199909000-00022","article-title":"A Simplified Risk Score for Predicting Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Conclusions from Cross-Validations between Two Centers","volume":"91","author":"Apfel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-021-01974-8","article-title":"Interpretation of the Four Risk Factors for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in the Apfel Simplified Risk Score: An Analysis of Published Studies","volume":"68","author":"Darvall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/269","article-title":"Potential Analgesic Mechanisms of Acetaminophen","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00045391-200501000-00008","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of Paracetamol","volume":"12","author":"Graham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.08.055","article-title":"Opioid Receptors and Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)","volume":"503","author":"Raffa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200303000-00025","article-title":"The Role of 5-HT1A\/B Autoreceptors in the Antinociceptive Effect of Systemic Administration of Acetaminophen","volume":"98","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"605","article-title":"Effect of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition on Antinociceptive Action of Different Doses of Acetaminophen","volume":"56","author":"Bujalska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.015","article-title":"The Analgesic Activity of Paracetamol Is Prevented by the Blockade of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors","volume":"531","author":"Ottani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2021-0116","article-title":"Paracetamol for Multimodal Analgesia","volume":"12","author":"Freo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12606","article-title":"The PI3K\u03b3\/AKT Signaling Pathway Mediates Peripheral Antinociceptive Action of Dipyrone","volume":"35","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e32833fedfa","article-title":"Efficacy of Intravenous Paracetamol Compared to Dipyrone and Parecoxib for Postoperative Pain Management after Minor-to-Intermediate Surgery: A Randomised, Double-Blind Trial","volume":"28","author":"Brodner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000311","article-title":"Preventive Acetaminophen Reduces Postoperative Opioid Consumption, Vomiting, and Pain Scores After Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Doleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"CD004602","article-title":"Single Dose Oral Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) for Postoperative Pain in Adults","volume":"2008","author":"Toms","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.12.025","article-title":"Intravenous Acetaminophen Reduces Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"154","author":"Apfel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2008.05674.x","article-title":"Peri-Operative Use of Paracetamol","volume":"64","author":"Oscier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer107","article-title":"Single-Dose Intravenous Paracetamol or Propacetamol for Prevention or Treatment of Postoperative Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"106","author":"McNicol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-995890","article-title":"Differential administration of non-opioids in postoperative analgesia, I. Quantification of the analgesic effect of metamizole using patient-controlled analgesia","volume":"31","author":"Steffen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anasthesiol. Intensivmed. Notfallmed. Schmerzther."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"170","article-title":"Safety of metamizole and paracetamol for acute pain treatment","volume":"41","author":"Zukowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anestezjol. Intens. Ter."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12467","article-title":"Metamizole (Dipyrone) as an Alternative Agent in Postoperative Analgesia in Patients with Contraindications for Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs","volume":"17","author":"Ekhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000113","article-title":"Nonopioid Analgesics for Postoperative Pain Management","volume":"27","author":"Chandrasena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.01.031","article-title":"Droperidol and Dolasetron Alone or in Combination for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Vitrectomy","volume":"111","author":"Eberhart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12893","article-title":"Nausea and Vomiting in Gastroparesis: Similarities and Differences in Idiopathic and Diabetic Gastroparesis","volume":"28","author":"Parkman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasiowski, M.J., Pluta, A., Lyssek-Boro\u0144, A., Kr\u00f3l, S., Krawczyk, L., Niewiadomska, E., \u017bak, J., Kawka, M., Dobrowolski, D., and Grabarek, B.O. (2022). Adverse Events during Vitreoretinal Surgery under Adequacy of Anesthesia Guidance-Risk Factor Analysis. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020237"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2003.03262.x","article-title":"Effect of Supplemental Pre-Operative Fluid on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting","volume":"58","author":"Ali","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e328329b0fd","article-title":"Paracetamol versus Metamizol in the Treatment of Postoperative Pain after Breast Surgery: A Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"26","author":"Ohnesorge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjan.2013.09.009","article-title":"Administration of Paracetamol versus Dipyrone by Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia for Postoperative Pain Relief in Children after Tonsillectomy","volume":"65","author":"Sener","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1997.117-az0113.x","article-title":"A Survey of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting","volume":"52","author":"Koivuranta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004833","article-title":"Fourth Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting","volume":"131","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200102000-00022","article-title":"How Much Are Patients Willing to Pay to Avoid Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting?","volume":"92","author":"Gan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021506001360","article-title":"Risk Factors for Nausea and Vomiting Following Vitrectomy in Adults","volume":"24","author":"Nitahara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gola, W., Bialka, S., Owczarek, A.J., and Misiolek, H. (2021). Effectiveness of Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block after Elective Total Hip Replacement: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094891"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2013.780026","article-title":"Cardiac Safety Concerns for Ondansetron, an Antiemetic Commonly Used for Nausea Linked to Cancer Treatment and Following Anaesthesia","volume":"12","author":"Doggrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200002000-00012","article-title":"A Comparison of the Incidence of the Oculocardiac and Oculorespiratory Reflexes during Sevoflurane or Halothane Anesthesia for Strabismus Surgery in Children","volume":"90","author":"Allison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2000.01535.x","article-title":"Effects of Peribulbar Bupivacaine as an Adjunct to General Anaesthesia on Peri-Operative Outcome Following Retinal Detachment Surgery","volume":"55","author":"Shende","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.AER_116_19","article-title":"Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of Sub-Tenon\u2019s Block with Levobupivacaine in Retinal Surgery under General Anesthesia","volume":"13","author":"Abdeldayem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth. Essays Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasiowski, M.J., Pluta, A., Lyssek-Boro\u0144, A., Niewiadomska, E., Krawczyk, L., Dobrowolski, D., Grabarek, B.O., Kawka, M., Rejdak, R., and Szumera, I. (2023). Adequacy of Anaesthesia for Nociception Detection during Vitreoretinal Surgery. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020505"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1987.tb03038.x","article-title":"Vomiting after Ophthalmic Surgery. Effects of Intra-Operative Antiemetics and Postoperative Oral Fluid Restriction","volume":"42","author":"Lambourne","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1989.tb11157.x","article-title":"The Oculo-Emetic Reflex. A Rationalisation of Postophthalmic Anaesthesia Vomiting","volume":"44","author":"Lambourne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0321-2","article-title":"Accuracy of the Pain Numeric Rating Scale as a Screening Test in Primary Care","volume":"22","author":"Krebs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew226","article-title":"Surgical Pleth Index: Prediction of Postoperative Pain and Influence of Arousal","volume":"117","author":"Ledowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13639","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.13639","article-title":"Effect of Intravenous Acetaminophen on Postoperative Pain in Vitrectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Sadrolsadat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1128551","article-title":"Analgesic and Sedative Effects of Dezocine and Midazolam During Vitrectomy","volume":"41","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/17\/6261\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:39:44Z","timestamp":1760035184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/17\/6261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14176261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14176261","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]}}}