{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:47:00Z","timestamp":1787726820198,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Free fatal falls (FFF) represent a distinct form of blunt force trauma (BFT) that is frequently encountered in forensic practice. Distinguishing FFF injuries from other forms of BFT, such as motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), can pose challenges. Despite its growing usage, the role of postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) in diagnosing FFF and its comparison with autopsy remains underexplored. Purpose: This review synthesizes fracture patterns in FFF, examining both extrinsic and intrinsic variables that influence skeletal injuries. It also compares PMCT and autopsy findings to establish a replicable database for forensic analysis. Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were systematically searched by three independent reviewers. The inclusion criteria required studies to be published in English, report at least 10 cases, focus on fatal falls, and provide precise data on skeletal injuries. Studies lacking detailed descriptions, focusing on survivors, or involving non-free falls were excluded. Data extraction tables facilitated synthesis and analysis. Key Findings: FFF are characterized mainly by axial skeletal fractures, particularly of the chest, skull, and pelvis. A history of intoxication and psychiatric disorders often correlates with the manner of death. Fracture patterns vary by fall height, impact surface, and cause: accidental falls show greater chest and skull involvement, whereas suicidal falls present more pelvic and skull fractures. PMCT detects fractures more frequently than traditional autopsy. Conclusions: Distinct fracture patterns aid in differentiating suicidal from accidental FFF, shaped by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Given its superior fracture detection capabilities, PMCT should be integrated into forensic protocols for FFF investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T11:51:12Z","timestamp":1757332272000},"page":"6305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fracture Patterns in Fatal Free Falls: A Systematic Review of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Risk Factors and the Role of Postmortem CT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6444-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Woli\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Kra\u015bnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4604-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Bryli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8187-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Sado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Sagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5140-0990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bryli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4184-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Teresi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Cywka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Karpi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Design and Mechatronics, Faculty of 1 Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1H Street, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Baj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.04.037","article-title":"Skeletal fractures resulting from fatal falls: A review of the literature","volume":"266","author":"Rowbotham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. 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