{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:21:45Z","timestamp":1790763705034,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inonu University Scientific Research Projects Unit","award":["TDH-2021-2588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDH-2021-2588"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate impacted mandibular canines and adjacent dentoalveolar structures using cone beam computed tomography. Methods: Measurements were made on CBCT images of 54 impacted mandibular canines. Parameters such as the position of the canine teeth, follicle diameter, their relationship with the mental foramen and the incisive mandibular canal, resorption in the adjacent teeth, interpremolar and intermolar width, arch symmetry, and mesiodistal width of the canine teeth were investigated. Results: The resorption rate in adjacent permanent teeth was recorded as 14.8%. No statistically significant difference was found between the follicle size of the canine tooth and the resorption in the adjacent teeth (p &gt; 0.05). Cortical bone perforation was found in 83.3% of individuals with impacted mandibular canines. Teeth in contact with the mental foramen and incisive mandibular canal were found in 11.1% and 6.5%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the interpremolar and intermolar width on the impacted and non-impacted sides (p &gt; 0.05). However, a significant difference was observed in the mesiodistal width of the canines and arch length on the impacted and non-impacted sides (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: No correlation was found between root resorption in adjacent teeth and follicle size. Cortical bone perforations were observed in most impacted canines, and some were in contact with the mental foramen and the incisive mandibular canal. Although transversal arch widths were similar on the impacted and non-impacted sides, differences in arch length and mesiodistal widths may affect arch symmetry and should be considered in treatment planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T08:43:54Z","timestamp":1757493834000},"page":"6372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Impacted Mandibular Canines and Adjacent Structures Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9173-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayhan","family":"Dogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontics, Aydent Oral and Dental Health Clinic, 44100 Malatya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0958-261X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filiz","family":"Uslu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, 07400 Antalya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2552-0187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suayip Burak","family":"Duman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-009-0262-8","article-title":"Root resorption of the maxillary lateral incisor caused by impacted canine: A literature review","volume":"13","author":"Alqerban","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(85)90070-2","article-title":"The incidence of unerupted permanent teeth and related clinical cases","volume":"59","author":"Grover","year":"1985","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjw027","article-title":"Impacted and transmigrant mandibular canines incidence, aetiology, and treatment: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Dalessandri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd1959.6.66","article-title":"Transmigration process of the impacted mandibular cuspid","volume":"6","author":"Ando","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Nihon Univ. Sch. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1974.0112","article-title":"Extraction of a horizontally transmigrated impacted mandibular canine: Report of case","volume":"88","author":"Miranti","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"362","article-title":"The displaced mandibular canine","volume":"49","author":"Shapira","year":"1982","journal-title":"ASDC J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e925","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.17072","article-title":"Evaluation of surgical-orthodontic treatments on impacted mandibular canines","volume":"16","author":"Aras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.07.001","article-title":"Clinical Management of Impacted and Transmigrated Lower Canines","volume":"74","author":"Sinko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(99)70072-7","article-title":"The use of panoramic radiographs to localize displaced maxillary canines","volume":"88","author":"Chaushu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"158","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted teeth and associated pathologies\u2014A radiographic study of the Hong Kong Chinese population","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.dmfr.4600258","article-title":"The use of spiral computed tomography in the localization of impacted maxillary canines","volume":"26","author":"Preda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.04.033","article-title":"Three-dimensional localization of maxillary canines with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"128","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11282-020-00464-9","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of impacted and transmigrated mandibular canines: A retrospective study","volume":"37","author":"Ozcan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0738-9","article-title":"The prevalence of root resorption of maxillary incisors caused by impacted maxillary canines","volume":"17","author":"Strbac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2342-0","article-title":"Impacted and transmigrated mandibular canines: An analysis of 3D radiographic imaging data","volume":"22","author":"Bertl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5005\/jcdp-8-7-78","article-title":"Impacted mandibular canines","volume":"8","author":"Yavuz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjs037","article-title":"Impacted maxillary canines and root resorptions of neighbouring teeth: A radiographic analysis using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"35","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"415","article-title":"Resorption of incisors after ectopic eruption of maxillary canines: A CT study","volume":"70","author":"Ericson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"95","article-title":"Does the canine dental follicle cause resorption of permanent incisor roots? A computed tomographic study of erupting maxillary canines","volume":"72","author":"Ericson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"363","article-title":"The mandibular lingual foramen: A consistent arterial foramen in the middle of the mandible","volume":"184","author":"McDonnell","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-014-1311-9","article-title":"Evaluation of location and dimensions of mandibular lingual foramina using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"36","author":"Sekerci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2006.0020","article-title":"Mandibular symphysis of large-bodied hominoids","volume":"77","author":"Sherwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2015.03.014","article-title":"Evaluation of location and dimensions of mandibular lingual canals: A cone beam computed tomography study","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.01.030","article-title":"Localization of impacted maxillary canines and observation of adjacent incisor resorption with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-017-0160-6","article-title":"Skeletal and dentoalveolar bilateral dimensions in unilateral palatally impacted canine using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"18","author":"MF","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2011.12.005","article-title":"3D CT based rating of unilateral impacted canines","volume":"40","author":"Hanke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofacal Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"212","article-title":"Mandibular G\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc Kaninlerin Konik I\u015finli Bilgisayarli Tomografi \u0130le A\u00e7isal, Do\u011frusal \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin ve Deskriptif \u00d6zelliklerinin \u00dc\u00e7 Boyutlu Analizi","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniv. Di\u015f Hek. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.09.006","article-title":"Investigation of transmigrated and impacted maxillary and mandibular canine teeth in an orthodontic patient population","volume":"68","author":"Celikoglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"178","article-title":"Prevalence And Patterns Of Mandibular Impacted Canines. A Cbct Based Retrospective Study","volume":"38","author":"Qadeer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak. Oral Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2011.03.035","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of impacted canines and root resorption using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"113","author":"Oberoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"3","article-title":"Impacted mandibular canines: Prevalence and characteristic features in southern Chinese children and adolescents","volume":"81","author":"Sajnani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2018.12.005","article-title":"Mandibular incisive canal and lingual foramina characterization by cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"103","author":"Gilis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morphologie"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-011-0795-9","article-title":"Absence and hypoplasia of the mental foramen detected in CBCT images: A case report","volume":"33","author":"Capelozza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"333","article-title":"The dental follicle in normally and ectopically erupting maxillary canines: A computed tomography study","volume":"71","author":"Ericson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2319\/071516-554.1","article-title":"Morphological relationship analysis of impacted maxillary canines and the adjacent teeth on 3-dimensional reconstructed CT images","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.11.021","article-title":"Etiologic factors for buccal and palatal maxillary canine impaction: A perspective based on cone-beam computed tomography analyses","volume":"143","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-022-00434-3","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative three-dimensional evaluation of maxillary basal and dentoalveolar dimensions in patients with and without maxillary impacted canines","volume":"23","author":"Sharhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cji022","article-title":"Space conditions and dental and occlusal features in patients with palatally impacted maxillary canines: An aetiological study","volume":"27","author":"Gharaibeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-018-0220-6","article-title":"Early diagnosed impacted maxillary canines and the morphology of the maxilla: A three-dimensional study","volume":"19","author":"Cacciatore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2000.104819","article-title":"Adequacy of maxillary dental arch width in patients with palatally displaced canines","volume":"118","author":"Langberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.11.015","article-title":"Interrelationship between the position of impacted maxillary canines and the morphology of the maxilla","volume":"141","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.2319\/0003-3219(2007)077[0430:MTDAPI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Maxillary transverse discrepancies and potentially impacted maxillary canines in mixed-dentition patients","volume":"77","author":"Schindel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"190","article-title":"Maxillary canine impaction in patients with transverse maxillary deficiency","volume":"63","author":"McConnell","year":"1996","journal-title":"ASDC J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572011000200014","article-title":"Dental arch dimensions in the mixed dentition: A study of Brazilian children from 9 to 12 years of age","volume":"19","author":"Louly","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/18\/6372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:43:00Z","timestamp":1760035380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/18\/6372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14186372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14186372","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]}}}