{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:57:12Z","timestamp":1778738232034,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H19\/01\/a0\/023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H19\/01\/a0\/023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"QuantumTX Pte. Ltd.","award":["H19\/01\/a0\/023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H19\/01\/a0\/023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Exercise is a key pillar in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but adherence rates to physical activity are poor. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy, termed magnetic mitohormesis (MM), has been shown in preclinical and early human studies to mimic the metabolic benefits of exercise without physical strain. However, its effects on glycemic control remain unknown. We evaluate the metabolic benefits of MM in patients with suboptimally-controlled T2DM. Methods: An exploratory study was conducted in 40 adults with T2DM (glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c 7.0\u201310.0%). MM treatment comprised 12 sessions organized weekly, where low-dose PEMF was delivered to alternate legs for 10 min per visit. Metabolic assessments\u2014anthropometry, HbA1c, fasting glucose and insulin resistance (measured by Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR)\u2014were measured at baseline and post-treatment. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare the effects of MM on patients with and without central obesity (defined as waist-to-hip ratio \u2265 1.0). Results: Participants had a mean age of 59.4 years and HbA1c of 8.1%. MM treatment was well tolerated with no adverse events, and 77.5% of patients completed all 12 sessions. There were no significant changes in HbA1c, fasting glucose or HOMA-IR for the overall cohort. However, in patients with central obesity, 88.9% showed a reduction in HbA1c post-treatment compared to 32.3% without central obesity (p &lt; 0.01), and mean HbA1c decreased from 7.5% to 7.1% (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that MM is safe and well-tolerated in T2DM patients and may confer a preferential benefit for individuals with greater central obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T14:23:50Z","timestamp":1757600630000},"page":"6413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating the Metabolic Benefits of Magnetic Mitohormesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fan Shuen","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gek Hsiang","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong Mong","family":"Bee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9446-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phong Ching","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yee Kit","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"BICEPS Lab (Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore"},{"name":"Institute of Health Technology and Innovation (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Franco-Obreg\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"BICEPS Lab (Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore"},{"name":"Institute of Health Technology and Innovation (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-7158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong Chang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15019","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.19","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03123-2","article-title":"The burden of diabetes-associated multiple long-term conditions on years of life spent and lost","volume":"30","author":"Gregg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Disease Policy and Strategy Division, and Ministry of Health Singapore (2022). National Population Health Survey 2022, Ministry of Health Singapore."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000012","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2013-000012","article-title":"Forecasting the burden of type 2 diabetes in Singapore using a demographic epidemiological model of Singapore","volume":"2","author":"Phan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00133-4","article-title":"Singapore\u2019s \u201cWar on Diabetes\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Bee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05078-3","article-title":"Persistent poor glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes in developing countries: 12 years of real-world evidence of the International Diabetes Management Practices Study (IDMPS)","volume":"63","author":"Aschner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, L., Lam, A., Carmody, D., Lim, C.W., Tan, G., Goh, S.Y., Bee, Y.M., and Jafar, T.H. (2021). Trends in cardiovascular risk factors and treatment goals in patients with diabetes in Singapore-analysis of the SingHealth Diabetes Registry. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259157"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-0590-x","article-title":"Lack of Treatment Persistence and Treatment Nonadherence as Barriers to Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Guerci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14795","article-title":"Factors associated with glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic literature review","volume":"28","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01919-X","article-title":"Obesity management as a primary treatment goal for type 2 diabetes: Time to reframe the conversation","volume":"399","author":"Lingvay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19897","article-title":"Obesity Management in Adults: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Schwartz","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05787-2","article-title":"Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"65","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1728","article-title":"Physical Activity\/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association","volume":"39","author":"Colberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002800","article-title":"Exercise\/Physical Activity in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Statement from the American College of Sports Medicine","volume":"54","author":"Kanaley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3591","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3591","article-title":"Exercise modalities for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"39","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco-Obregon, A., Tai, Y.K., Wu, K.Y., Iversen, J.N., and Wong, C.J.K. (2023). The Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis: A Human Health and Longevity Perspective. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10080956"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E268","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00314.2018","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: An organ-based analysis","volume":"316","author":"Pinti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.12.011","article-title":"AMPK activation increases fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle by activating PPARalpha and PGC-1","volume":"340","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210185","article-title":"Interactions between insulin and exercise","volume":"478","author":"Richter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.928","article-title":"Adaptations to exercise training within skeletal muscle in adults with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00080.2014","article-title":"Exercise and type 2 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle","volume":"38","author":"Stanford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2634","article-title":"Aerobic Fitness and Adherence to Guideline-Recommended Minimum Physical Activity Among Ambulatory Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"42","author":"Jarvie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399815666190702161849","article-title":"Self-Care in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, R.B.T., Wee, W.K., For, W.C., Ananthanarayanan, J.A., Soh, Y.H., Goh, L.M.L., Tham, D.K.T., and Wong, M.L. (2020). Correlates, facilitators and barriers of physical activity among primary care patients with prediabetes in Singapore\u2014A mixed methods approach. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7969-5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). 4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care, 47, S52\u2013S76.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S004"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco-Obregon, A. (2023). Harmonizing Magnetic Mitohormetic Regenerative Strategies: Developmental Implications of a Calcium-Mitochondrial Axis Invoked by Magnetic Field Exposure. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10101176"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12853","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900057R","article-title":"Ambient and supplemental magnetic fields promote myogenesis via a TRPC1-mitochondrial axis: Evidence of a magnetic mitohormetic mechanism","volume":"33","author":"Yap","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11143","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201903005RR","article-title":"Magnetic fields modulate metabolism and gut microbiome in correlation with Pgc-1\u03b1 expression: Follow-up to an in vitro magnetic mitohormetic study","volume":"34","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204597","article-title":"Brief, weekly magnetic muscle therapy improves mobility and lean body mass in older adults: A Southeast Asia community case study","volume":"15","author":"Venugobal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q.W., Ong, M.T., Man, G.C., Franco-Obregon, A., Choi, B.C., Lui, P.P., Fong, D.T.P., Qiu, J.H., He, X., and Ng, J.P. (2024). The effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on muscle strength and pain in patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1435277"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"99","article-title":"Magnetic field therapy enhances muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics and attenuates systemic ceramide levels following ACL reconstruction: Southeast Asian randomized-controlled pilot trial","volume":"35","author":"Stephenson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iversen, J.N., Tai, Y.K., Yap, J.L.Y., Abdul Razar, R.B.B., Sukumar, V.K., Wu, K.Y., Ooi, M.G., Kukumberg, M., Adam, S., and Rufaihah, A.J. (2025). One Month of Brief Weekly Magnetic Field Therapy Enhances the Anticancer Potential of Female Human Sera: Randomized Double-Blind Pilot Study. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14050331"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","article-title":"Compendium of physical activities: An update of activity codes and MET intensities","volume":"32","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thielen, S.C., Reusch, J.E.B., and Regensteiner, J.G. (2023). A narrative review of exercise participation among adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes: Barriers and solutions. Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2023.1218692"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dap031","article-title":"Barriers to regular exercise among adults at high risk or diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Korkiakangas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01035-9","article-title":"Diabetes and Frailty: An Expert Consensus Statement on the Management of Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Strain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e683","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00256-7","article-title":"Unravelling the frailty syndrome in diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Sinclair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00512-2","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults: Clinical considerations and management","volume":"17","author":"Bellary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0076-3","article-title":"Physical activity-related injuries in older adults: A scoping review","volume":"43","author":"Stathokostas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342650","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/342650","article-title":"A growing troubling triad: Diabetes, aging, and falls","volume":"2013","author":"Crews","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002831","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002831","article-title":"A 12-month incidence of exercise-related injuries in previously sedentary community-dwelling older adults following an exercise intervention","volume":"3","author":"Little","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.10.1218","article-title":"Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials","volume":"286","author":"Haddad","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1317","article-title":"Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: A meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Snowling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.576","article-title":"Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"305","author":"Umpierre","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1881","article-title":"Effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Chudyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0128-8","article-title":"Resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0703-3","article-title":"Exercise training modalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2334836","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.34836","article-title":"Surrogate Adiposity Markers and Mortality","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.139","article-title":"Body fat distribution and noncommunicable diseases in populations: Overview of the 2008 WHO Expert Consultation on Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio","volume":"64","author":"Nishida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1519","article-title":"Muscle and liver insulin resistance indexes derived from the oral glucose tolerance test","volume":"30","author":"Matsuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0622","article-title":"Muscle and liver insulin resistance indexes derived from the oral glucose tolerance test: Response to Abdul-Ghani et al","volume":"30","author":"Bastard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, J.K.C., Patel, B.K., Tai, Y.K., Tan, T.Z., Khine, W.W.T., Chen, W.C., Kukumberg, M., Ching, J., Lee, L.S., and Chua, K.V. (2025). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation from Mice Receiving Magnetic Mitohormesis Treatment Reverses High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic and Osteogenic Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125450"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4720-1","article-title":"Relation of plasma ceramides to visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Dallas Heart Study","volume":"61","author":"Neeland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, Y.K., Iversen, J.N., Chan, K.K.W., Fong, C.H.H., Abdul Razar, R.B., Ramanan, S., Yap, L.Y.J., Yin, J.N., Toh, S.J., and Wong, C.J.K. (2024). Secretome from Magnetically Stimulated Muscle Exhibits Anticancer Potency: Novel Preconditioning Methodology Highlighting HTRA1 Action. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13050460"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50199-y","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists\u2019 impact on cardio-renal outcomes and mortality in T2D with acute kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvatore, T., Galiero, R., Caturano, A., Rinaldi, L., Di Martino, A., Albanese, G., Di Salvo, J., Epifani, R., Marfella, R., and Docimo, G. (2022). An Overview of the Cardiorenal Protective Mechanisms of SGLT2 Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073651"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/18\/6413\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:43:58Z","timestamp":1760035438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/18\/6413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14186413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14186413","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]}}}