{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:22:28Z","timestamp":1792480948004,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an emerging noninvasive treatment modality for various psychiatric disorders, but its applications in child and adolescent populations remain underexplored. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the therapeutic potential of TMS in treating psychiatric conditions within this demographic. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify studies published up to March 2025 that reported on the use of transcranial TMS in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Results: We found 32 published studies that included at least one type of TMS. TMS demonstrates potential as a safe and effective intervention for conditions such as depression, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder, Tourette Syndrome, and childhood schizophrenia. However, the therapeutic outcomes vary significantly across conditions and protocols. Conclusions: TMS offers a promising, well-tolerated option for addressing psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, but its application requires careful ethical and clinical consideration. To fully realize its potential, future research should focus on refining protocols, standardizing methodologies, and ensuring safety while expanding its use across diverse psychiatric conditions in younger populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T14:31:41Z","timestamp":1758033101000},"page":"6513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3342-6377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"El-Shahawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Section for Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Use, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6055-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY 10456, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2990-3046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdieh","family":"Saeidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY 10456, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5079-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanobar","family":"Jaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Section for Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Use, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY 11554, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2112-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY 10456, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4646-2430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pegah","family":"Yakhchalian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Kaweah Delta Health Care District, Visalia, CA 93277, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8405-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Abbasi-Kangevari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Section for Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Use, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasidhar","family":"Gunturu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY 10456, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02040-4","article-title":"Alarming changes in the global burden of mental disorders in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"31","author":"Piao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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