{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:00:24Z","timestamp":1787065224509,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Minister of Research Ricerca Corrente"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Castleman disease and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) are both associated with infection by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). This virus plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of both conditions, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV\/AIDS. Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) generally presents with systemic inflammatory symptoms, lymphadenopathy, and organ dysfunction, while Kaposi sarcoma typically appears as vascular tumors on the skin, with occasional involvement of mucous membranes or internal organs. We present four clinical cases, with concurrent KS and MCD, treated with chemotherapy and rituximab, with a satisfactory response. We highlighted the essential role of prompt investigation of systemic or inflammatory manifestations (fever, vital parameter alterations such as palpitation, high breath frequency, edema, and kidney impairment) as underlined in our case series, which might underscore possible complications. Multiorgan failure, opportunistic infections, or rapid clinical deterioration might occur if the diagnosis is not adequately assessed. Therefore, this paper emphasizes the importance of timely diagnosis, as it enables the prompt initiation of appropriate antiviral, immunomodulatory, or oncologic therapies\u2014interventions that can significantly improve outcomes and may be life-saving in advanced or aggressive disease presentations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T12:24:25Z","timestamp":1758198265000},"page":"6563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Castleman Disease and Kaposi Sarcoma: A Review of the Literature and a Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8605-4290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nerina","family":"Denaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Fondazione Ca\u2019 Granda\u2014Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8911-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Scarf\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Toscana Centro Local Health Unit, Prato Hospital, 59100 Prato, Italy"},{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50100 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasia","family":"Tourlaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Muscatello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Fondazione Ca\u2019 Granda\u2014Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6782-8708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Solinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, AOU Cagliari Policlinico Duilio Casula, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Rampi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Division, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bandera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Fondazione Ca\u2019 Granda\u2014Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ornella","family":"Garrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Fondazione Ca\u2019 Granda\u2014Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samara, P., Athanasopoulos, M., Mastronikolis, S., Kyrodimos, E., Athanasopoulos, I., and Mastronikolis, N.S. 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