{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T11:45:32Z","timestamp":1791632732981,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, inherited disease with a complex genetic etiology, leading to ciliary dysfunction and impaired mucociliary clearance. This paper presents the current state of knowledge regarding the clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies in PCD. The role of genetic testing, ultrastructural analysis of cilia, and modern methods such as high-speed video microscopy (HSVA), nasal nitric oxide (nNO) measurement, and immunofluorescence is discussed. The importance of a multi-step diagnostic process is emphasized, given the absence of a single test with both high sensitivity and specificity. Current treatment options\u2014including respiratory physiotherapy, infection management, and control of ENT symptoms\u2014are reviewed, alongside new experimental approaches such as gene and mRNA therapies. This paper highlights the need for early diagnosis and comprehensive, interdisciplinary care for patients with PCD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:31:28Z","timestamp":1758875488000},"page":"6808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia\u2014Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Wrona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Krupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3883-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Zawadzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2550-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Rydzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Dorobisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Bania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.079780","article-title":"High Prevalence of Respiratory Ciliary Dysfunction in Congenital Heart Disease Patients with Heterotaxy","volume":"125","author":"Nakhleh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1995.tb01748.x","article-title":"Testis Factors That May Regulate Gene Expression: Evidence from a Patient with Kartagener\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Phillips","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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